GH-48467: [C++][Parquet] Add configure to limit the row group size in bytes

cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc

@@ -5794,6 +5794,111 @@ TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, WriteRecordBatchNotProduceEmptyRowGroup) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, WriteRecordBatchFlushRowGroupByBufferedSize) {
+  auto pool = ::arrow::default_memory_pool();
+  auto sink = CreateOutputStream();
+  // Limit the max bytes in a row group to 100.
+  auto writer_properties = WriterProperties::Builder().max_row_group_bytes(100)->build();
+  auto arrow_writer_properties = default_arrow_writer_properties();
+
+  // Prepare schema.
+  auto schema = ::arrow::schema({::arrow::field("a", ::arrow::int64())});
+  std::shared_ptr<SchemaDescriptor> parquet_schema;
+  ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(ToParquetSchema(schema.get(), *writer_properties,
+                                     *arrow_writer_properties, &parquet_schema));
+  auto schema_node = std::static_pointer_cast<GroupNode>(parquet_schema->schema_root());
+
+  auto gen = ::arrow::random::RandomArrayGenerator(/*seed=*/42);
+
+  // Create writer to write data via RecordBatch.
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto arrow_writer, parquet::arrow::FileWriter::Open(
+                                              *schema, pool, sink, writer_properties,
+                                              arrow_writer_properties));
+  // NewBufferedRowGroup() is not called explicitly and it will be called
+  // inside WriteRecordBatch().
+  for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+    auto record_batch =
+        gen.BatchOf({::arrow::field("a", ::arrow::int64())}, /*length=*/1);
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(arrow_writer->WriteRecordBatch(*record_batch));
+  }
+  ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(arrow_writer->Close());
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto buffer, sink->Finish());
+
+  auto file_metadata = arrow_writer->metadata();
+  EXPECT_EQ(3, file_metadata->num_row_groups());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, file_metadata->RowGroup(0)->num_rows());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, file_metadata->RowGroup(1)->num_rows());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, file_metadata->RowGroup(2)->num_rows());
+}
+
+TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, WriteRecordBatchWithSmallMaxRowGroupBytes) {
+  auto pool = ::arrow::default_memory_pool();
+  auto sink = CreateOutputStream();
+  // Limit the max bytes in a row group to 1, then each row starts a new row group.
+  auto writer_properties = WriterProperties::Builder().max_row_group_bytes(1)->build();
+  auto arrow_writer_properties = default_arrow_writer_properties();
+
+  // Prepare schema.
+  auto schema = ::arrow::schema({::arrow::field("a", ::arrow::int64())});
+  std::shared_ptr<SchemaDescriptor> parquet_schema;
+  ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(ToParquetSchema(schema.get(), *writer_properties,
+                                     *arrow_writer_properties, &parquet_schema));
+  auto schema_node = std::static_pointer_cast<GroupNode>(parquet_schema->schema_root());
+
+  auto gen = ::arrow::random::RandomArrayGenerator(/*seed=*/42);
+
+  // Create writer to write data via RecordBatch.
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto arrow_writer, parquet::arrow::FileWriter::Open(
+                                              *schema, pool, sink, writer_properties,
+                                              arrow_writer_properties));
+  // NewBufferedRowGroup() is not called explicitly and it will be called
+  // inside WriteRecordBatch().
+  for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+    auto record_batch =
+        gen.BatchOf({::arrow::field("a", ::arrow::int64())}, /*length=*/1);
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(arrow_writer->WriteRecordBatch(*record_batch));
+  }
+  ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(arrow_writer->Close());
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto buffer, sink->Finish());
+
+  auto file_metadata = arrow_writer->metadata();
+  EXPECT_EQ(5, file_metadata->num_row_groups());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, file_metadata->RowGroup(0)->num_rows());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, file_metadata->RowGroup(1)->num_rows());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, file_metadata->RowGroup(2)->num_rows());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, file_metadata->RowGroup(3)->num_rows());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, file_metadata->RowGroup(4)->num_rows());
+}
+
+TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, WriteTableFlushRowGroupByBufferedSize) {
+  auto pool = ::arrow::default_memory_pool();
+  auto sink = CreateOutputStream();
+  // Limit the max bytes in a row group to 100, then first table generates one row group,
+  // and second table generates 5 row groups.
+  auto writer_properties = WriterProperties::Builder().max_row_group_bytes(100)->build();
+  auto arrow_writer_properties = default_arrow_writer_properties();
+
+  // Prepare schema
+  auto schema = ::arrow::schema({::arrow::field("a", ::arrow::int64())});
+  auto table = ::arrow::Table::Make(
+      schema, {::arrow::ArrayFromJSON(::arrow::int64(), R"([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])")});
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto arrow_writer, parquet::arrow::FileWriter::Open(
+                                              *schema, pool, sink, writer_properties,
+                                              arrow_writer_properties));
+  for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(arrow_writer->WriteTable(*table, 5));
+  }
+  ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(arrow_writer->Close());
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto buffer, sink->Finish());
+
+  auto file_metadata = arrow_writer->metadata();
+  EXPECT_EQ(6, file_metadata->num_row_groups());
+  EXPECT_EQ(5, file_metadata->RowGroup(0)->num_rows());
+  for (int i = 1; i < 6; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, file_metadata->RowGroup(i)->num_rows());
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, MultithreadedWrite) {
   const int num_columns = 20;
   const int num_rows = 1000;

cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc

@@ -397,13 +397,21 @@ class FileWriterImpl : public FileWriter {
 
     if (chunk_size <= 0 && table.num_rows() > 0) {
       return Status::Invalid("chunk size per row_group must be greater than 0");
-    } else if (!table.schema()->Equals(*schema_, false)) {
+    } else if (!table.schema()->Equals(*schema_, /*check_metadata=*/false)) {
       return Status::Invalid("table schema does not match this writer's. table:'",
                              table.schema()->ToString(), "' this:'", schema_->ToString(),
                              "'");
     } else if (chunk_size > this->properties().max_row_group_length()) {
       chunk_size = this->properties().max_row_group_length();
     }
+    if (auto avg_row_size = EstimateCompressedBytesPerRow()) {
+      chunk_size =
+          std::min(chunk_size,
+                   // Ensure chunk_size is at least 1 to avoid infinite loops.
+                   std::max<int64_t>(
+                       1, static_cast<int64_t>(this->properties().max_row_group_bytes() /
+                                               avg_row_size.value())));
+    }
 
     auto WriteRowGroup = [&](int64_t offset, int64_t size) {
       RETURN_NOT_OK(NewRowGroup());
@@ -442,12 +450,8 @@ class FileWriterImpl : public FileWriter {
       return Status::OK();
     }
 
-    // Max number of rows allowed in a row group.
-    const int64_t max_row_group_length = this->properties().max_row_group_length();
-
     // Initialize a new buffered row group writer if necessary.
-    if (row_group_writer_ == nullptr || !row_group_writer_->buffered() ||
-        row_group_writer_->num_rows() >= max_row_group_length) {
+    if (row_group_writer_ == nullptr || !row_group_writer_->buffered()) {
       RETURN_NOT_OK(NewBufferedRowGroup());
     }
 
@@ -480,19 +484,27 @@ class FileWriterImpl : public FileWriter {
       return Status::OK();
     };
 
+    const int64_t max_row_group_length = this->properties().max_row_group_length();
+    const int64_t max_row_group_bytes = this->properties().max_row_group_bytes();
+
     int64_t offset = 0;
     while (offset < batch.num_rows()) {
-      const int64_t batch_size =
-          std::min(max_row_group_length - row_group_writer_->num_rows(),
-                   batch.num_rows() - offset);
-      RETURN_NOT_OK(WriteBatch(offset, batch_size));
-      offset += batch_size;
-
-      // Flush current row group writer and create a new writer if it is full.
-      if (row_group_writer_->num_rows() >= max_row_group_length &&
-          offset < batch.num_rows()) {
+      auto avg_row_size = EstimateCompressedBytesPerRow();
+      int64_t max_rows =
+          avg_row_size
+              ? std::min(max_row_group_length,
+                         // Ensure batch_size is at least 1 to avoid infinite loops.
+                         std::max(1L, static_cast<int64_t>(max_row_group_bytes /
+                                                           avg_row_size.value())))
+              : max_row_group_length;
+      if (row_group_writer_->num_rows() >= max_rows) {
+        // Current row group is full, start a new one.
         RETURN_NOT_OK(NewBufferedRowGroup());
       }
+      int64_t batch_size =
+          std::min(max_rows - row_group_writer_->num_rows(), batch.num_rows() - offset);
+      RETURN_NOT_OK(WriteBatch(offset, batch_size));
+      offset += batch_size;
     }
 
     return Status::OK();
@@ -516,6 +528,17 @@ class FileWriterImpl : public FileWriter {
     return Status::OK();
   }
 
+  std::optional<double> EstimateCompressedBytesPerRow() const override {
+    if (auto value = writer_->EstimateCompressedBytesPerRow()) {
+      return value;
+    }
+    if (row_group_writer_ != nullptr && row_group_writer_->num_rows() > 0) {
+      return static_cast<double>(row_group_writer_->EstimatedTotalCompressedBytes()) /
+             row_group_writer_->num_rows();
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+
  private:
   friend class FileWriter;
 

cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.h

@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT FileWriter {
   /// Multiple RecordBatches can be written into the same row group
   /// through this method.
   ///
-  /// WriterProperties.max_row_group_length() is respected and a new
-  /// row group will be created if the current row group exceeds the
-  /// limit.
+  /// WriterProperties.max_row_group_length() and WriterProperties.max_row_group_bytes()
+  /// are respected and a new row group will be created if the current row group exceeds
+  /// the limits.
   ///
   /// Batches get flushed to the output stream once NewBufferedRowGroup()
   /// or Close() is called.
@@ -139,6 +139,9 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT FileWriter {
   /// `store_schema` being unusable during read.
   virtual ::arrow::Status AddKeyValueMetadata(
       const std::shared_ptr<const ::arrow::KeyValueMetadata>& key_value_metadata) = 0;
+  /// \brief Estimate compressed bytes per row from data written so far.
+  /// \note std::nullopt will be returned if there is no row written.
+  virtual std::optional<double> EstimateCompressedBytesPerRow() const = 0;
   /// \brief Return the file metadata, only available after calling Close().
   virtual const std::shared_ptr<FileMetaData> metadata() const = 0;
 };

cpp/src/parquet/column_writer.cc

@@ -1480,6 +1480,10 @@ class TypedColumnWriterImpl : public ColumnWriterImpl,
     return current_encoder_->EstimatedDataEncodedSize();
   }
 
+  int64_t EstimatedBufferedLevelsBytes() const override {
+    return definition_levels_sink_.length() + repetition_levels_sink_.length();
+  }
+
  protected:
   std::shared_ptr<Buffer> GetValuesBuffer() override {
     return current_encoder_->FlushValues();

cpp/src/parquet/column_writer.h

@@ -164,6 +164,9 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT ColumnWriter {
   /// \brief Estimated size of the values that are not written to a page yet.
   virtual int64_t estimated_buffered_value_bytes() const = 0;
 
+  /// \brief Estimated size of the levels that are not written to a page yet.
+  virtual int64_t EstimatedBufferedLevelsBytes() const = 0;
+
   /// \brief The file-level writer properties
   virtual const WriterProperties* properties() = 0;
 

cpp/src/parquet/file_writer.cc

@@ -68,6 +68,12 @@ int64_t RowGroupWriter::total_compressed_bytes_written() const {
   return contents_->total_compressed_bytes_written();
 }
 
+int64_t RowGroupWriter::EstimatedTotalCompressedBytes() const {
+  return contents_->total_compressed_bytes() +
+         contents_->total_compressed_bytes_written() +
+         contents_->EstimatedBufferedBytes();
+}
+
 bool RowGroupWriter::buffered() const { return contents_->buffered(); }
 
 int RowGroupWriter::current_column() { return contents_->current_column(); }
@@ -195,6 +201,21 @@ class RowGroupSerializer : public RowGroupWriter::Contents {
     return total_compressed_bytes_written;
   }
 
+  int64_t EstimatedBufferedBytes() const override {
+    if (closed_) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    int64_t estimated_buffered_value_bytes = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < column_writers_.size(); i++) {
+      if (column_writers_[i]) {
+        estimated_buffered_value_bytes +=
+            column_writers_[i]->estimated_buffered_value_bytes() +
+            column_writers_[i]->EstimatedBufferedLevelsBytes();
+      }
+    }
+    return estimated_buffered_value_bytes;
+  }
+
   bool buffered() const override { return buffered_row_group_; }
 
   void Close() override {
@@ -329,6 +350,7 @@ class FileSerializer : public ParquetFileWriter::Contents {
       if (row_group_writer_) {
         num_rows_ += row_group_writer_->num_rows();
         row_group_writer_->Close();
+        written_compressed_bytes_ += row_group_writer_->total_compressed_bytes_written();
       }
       row_group_writer_.reset();
 
@@ -352,6 +374,8 @@ class FileSerializer : public ParquetFileWriter::Contents {
 
   int64_t num_rows() const override { return num_rows_; }
 
+  int64_t written_compressed_bytes() const override { return written_compressed_bytes_; }
+
   const std::shared_ptr<WriterProperties>& properties() const override {
     return properties_;
   }
@@ -360,6 +384,7 @@ class FileSerializer : public ParquetFileWriter::Contents {
     if (row_group_writer_) {
       num_rows_ += row_group_writer_->num_rows();
       row_group_writer_->Close();
+      written_compressed_bytes_ += row_group_writer_->total_compressed_bytes_written();
     }
     int16_t row_group_ordinal = -1;  // row group ordinal not set
     if (file_encryptor_ != nullptr) {
@@ -415,6 +440,7 @@ class FileSerializer : public ParquetFileWriter::Contents {
         properties_(std::move(properties)),
         num_row_groups_(0),
         num_rows_(0),
+        written_compressed_bytes_(0),
         metadata_(FileMetaDataBuilder::Make(&schema_, properties_)) {
     PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(int64_t position, sink_->Tell());
     if (position == 0) {
@@ -468,6 +494,7 @@ class FileSerializer : public ParquetFileWriter::Contents {
   const std::shared_ptr<WriterProperties> properties_;
   int num_row_groups_;
   int64_t num_rows_;
+  int64_t written_compressed_bytes_;
   std::unique_ptr<FileMetaDataBuilder> metadata_;
   // Only one of the row group writers is active at a time
   std::unique_ptr<RowGroupWriter> row_group_writer_;
@@ -640,6 +667,29 @@ void ParquetFileWriter::AddKeyValueMetadata(
   }
 }
 
+std::optional<double> ParquetFileWriter::EstimateCompressedBytesPerRow() const {
+  if (contents_ && contents_->num_rows() > 0) {
+    // Use written row groups to estimate.
+    return static_cast<double>(contents_->written_compressed_bytes()) /
+           contents_->num_rows();
+  }
+  if (file_metadata_) {
+    // Use closed file metadata to estimate.
+    int64_t total_compressed_bytes = 0;
+    int64_t total_rows = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < file_metadata_->num_row_groups(); i++) {
+      const auto row_group = file_metadata_->RowGroup(i);
+      total_compressed_bytes += row_group->total_compressed_size();
+      total_rows += row_group->num_rows();
+    }
+    if (total_compressed_bytes == 0 || total_rows == 0) {
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return static_cast<double>(total_compressed_bytes) / total_rows;
+  }
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 const std::shared_ptr<WriterProperties>& ParquetFileWriter::properties() const {
   if (contents_) {
     return contents_->properties();

cpp/src/parquet/file_writer.h

@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT RowGroupWriter {
     virtual int64_t total_compressed_bytes() const = 0;
     /// \brief total compressed bytes written by the page writer
     virtual int64_t total_compressed_bytes_written() const = 0;
+    /// \brief Estimated bytes of values and levels that are buffered by the page writer
+    /// but not written to a page yet
+    virtual int64_t EstimatedBufferedBytes() const = 0;
 
     virtual bool buffered() const = 0;
   };
@@ -99,6 +102,8 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT RowGroupWriter {
   int64_t total_compressed_bytes() const;
   /// \brief total compressed bytes written by the page writer
   int64_t total_compressed_bytes_written() const;
+  /// \brief Estimate total compressed bytes including written and buffered bytes.
+  int64_t EstimatedTotalCompressedBytes() const;
 
   /// Returns whether the current RowGroupWriter is in the buffered mode and is created
   /// by calling ParquetFileWriter::AppendBufferedRowGroup.
@@ -150,6 +155,7 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT ParquetFileWriter {
     virtual RowGroupWriter* AppendRowGroup() = 0;
     virtual RowGroupWriter* AppendBufferedRowGroup() = 0;
 
+    virtual int64_t written_compressed_bytes() const = 0;
     virtual int64_t num_rows() const = 0;
     virtual int num_columns() const = 0;
     virtual int num_row_groups() const = 0;
@@ -207,6 +213,10 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT ParquetFileWriter {
   void AddKeyValueMetadata(
       const std::shared_ptr<const KeyValueMetadata>& key_value_metadata);
 
+  /// \brief Estimate compressed bytes per row from closed row groups.
+  /// \return Estimated bytes or std::nullopt when no written row group.
+  std::optional<double> EstimateCompressedBytesPerRow() const;
+
   /// Number of columns.
   ///
   /// This number is fixed during the lifetime of the writer as it is determined via