GH-47291: [C++] Update bundled aws-c-common to 0.12.4

[kou]

Rationale for this change

We can remove a patch by updating to aws-c-common 0.12.4.

What changes are included in this PR?

Update to 0.12.4 and remove a patch.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [C++] Update bundled aws-c-common #47291

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #47291 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[kou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g r

[github-actions]

Revision: 7bc06c9

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-7205a7236c

Task	Status
r-binary-packages
r-recheck-most
test-r-arrow-backwards-compatibility
test-r-depsource-bundled
test-r-depsource-system
test-r-dev-duckdb
test-r-devdocs
test-r-extra-packages
test-r-gcc-11
test-r-gcc-12
test-r-install-local
test-r-install-local-minsizerel
test-r-linux-as-cran
test-r-linux-rchk
test-r-linux-sanitizers
test-r-linux-valgrind
test-r-m1-san
test-r-macos-as-cran
test-r-minimal-build
test-r-offline-maximal
test-r-offline-minimal
test-r-rhub-debian-gcc-devel-lto-latest
test-r-rhub-debian-gcc-release-custom-ccache
test-r-rhub-ubuntu-release-latest
test-r-rocker-r-ver-latest
test-r-rstudio-r-base-4.1-focal
test-r-rstudio-r-base-4.2-focal
test-r-ubuntu-22.04
test-r-versions

[kou]

+1

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 4 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit d2b4036.

There weren't enough matching historic benchmark results to make a call on whether there were regressions.

The full Conbench report has more details.