[Format][C] Add ArrowAsyncDeviceStreamHandler to C Data Interface

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Describe the enhancement requested

Discussed in apache/arrow-adbc#811, there is a need for there to be an asynchronous-oriented version of the C Data Stream interface to allow for more use cases and interactions with other runtimes (such as R, Python and Ruby).

Currently, the design of the C Data Stream interface makes it difficult to utilize with anything similar to the python async/await or otherwise as it is inherently synchronous for a consumer to interact with. Managing it asynchronously would require additional work by users. Instead we can define an asynchronous-style stream interface that would enable such use cases, and that would then be built upon by ADBC for new ADBC APIs.

Component(s)

C, Format

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Issue resolved by pull request 43632
#43632