[Python] Add support for Emscripten Python (Pyodide)

[joemarshall]

Describe the enhancement requested

Now that arrow c++ lib builds for emscripten, the next step is to get pyarrow building for pyodide.

This is a tracking issue for that work.

Component(s)

Python

[ianmcook]

@raulcd @kou I tagged this as a blocker because it looks like it is ready to merge and many people have expressed a strong wish for this to be included in 17.0.0

[kou]

Issue resolved by pull request 37822
#37822