[C++][Compute] Add string translate kernel

[asfimport]

Create compute function for string translate, similar to Python's str.translate, SQL TRANSLATE.

(also see PostgreSQL docs)

Reporter: Eduardo Ponce / @edponce

Related issues:

• [C++] String algorithm library for StringArray/BinaryArray (is a child of)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13825. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
@edponce Are you still planning to work on this?

[asfimport]

Eduardo Ponce / @edponce:
@pitrou  Not at the moment so unassigned myself. Have a few lingering issues that I need to resolve first.