Remove APIs deprecated in or before 54.0.0

[etseidl]

It's breaking change season again and time to clean house 🧹 and remove some deprecated functions and such. To keep PRs at a reasonable size, this will be done incrementally, with progress tracked in this issue.

**Modules

• parquet - Remove functions from parquet crate deprecated in or before 54.0.0 #7811
• arrow-arith - Remove deprecated temporal functions #7813
• arrow-ord
• arrow-string
• arrow-array
• arrow-flight

[etseidl]

Deprecations related to dict_id are being handled in #7467

[alamb]

label_issue.py automatically added labels {'parquet'} from #7811

[alamb]

label_issue.py automatically added labels {'arrow'} from #7813

[alamb]

label_issue.py automatically added labels {'arrow-flight'} from #7830