[Variant] Implement read support for remaining primitive types

[alamb]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge? Please describe what you are trying to do.
Part of #6736

@mkarbo implemented the initial support for reading variant types in this PR

• [Variant] Initial API for reading Variant data and metadata #7535

This PR included some, but not all of the "primitive types" from the variant spec. We should now complete support for the remaining Variant types

Describe the solution you'd like
Support all the primitive types listed in the variant spec

Describe alternatives you've considered

Basically

1. Uncomment the types in get_primitive_cases in https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/blob/main/parquet-variant/tests/variant_interop.rs
2. Implement the corresponding code

Additional context
@PinkCrow007 has an implementation of much of this code in

• Add API for Creating Variant Values #7452
  Also there is a larger end to end PR here:
• Variant Support for Arrow and Parquet [DRAFT] #7404

[alamb]

I think this is a pretty good first issue as the need is clear and there are patterns to follow

[superserious-dev]

take

[alamb]

label_issue.py automatically added labels {'parquet'} from #7644