GH-9: Add test CI: Debian + CGO + Python

[raulcd]

Fix GH-9

This part: https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/58415d1fac50cb829b3dcf08526033d6db8c30db/.github/workflows/go.yml#L233-L270

[raulcd]

I had to add -buildvcs=false to have the docker compose run successful locally but it does not seem to be required for CI, see the last commit removing it: 116c724
It seems we are adding it on the non-cgo build, do we want to add it? If that's the case I can just revert the last commit

[kou]

Could you share the error message when you don't use -buildvcs=false on local?

[raulcd]

Could you share the error message when you don't use -buildvcs=false on local?

It seems it failed locally when I wasn't correctly setting:
git config --global --add safe.directory /arrow-go && but I was doing git config --global --add safe.directory /arrow &&
I was getting:

+ go build -tags cdata_test,assert -buildmode=c-shared -o cgotest.so .
error obtaining VCS status: exit status 128
	Use -buildvcs=false to disable VCS stamping.

It is not reproducible at the moment with the correct folder, sorry, I got confused.

[kou]

+1