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Important

If you find this project helpful, please consider giving us a ⭐️!

🧐 Overview

This repository provides the implementation of ICML 2025 spotlight paper "Which Agent Causes Task Failures and When?", which introduces the task of automated failure attribution in LLM-based multi-agent systems. Given a failed task, the goal failure attribution is to automatically identify the agent and step responsible for the failure.

Automated failure-attributions offers several key advantages:

• Reduces manual debugging effort: Automates the labor-intensive process of inspecting failure logs and tracing errors.
• Accelerates system development: Speeds up the iteration cycle by quickly identifying faulty agents and critical mistakes.
• Enables intermediate feedback for agent self-improvement: Pinpointing decisive errors provides actionable signals for agentic systems' self-correction or can serve as rewards in reinforcement learning.

🔧 Who&When: #1 Benchmark for MAS automated failure attribution.

• 184 annotated failure tasks collected from
  • Algorithm-generated agentic systems built using CaptainAgent,
  • Hand-crafted systems such as Magnetic-One.
• Fine-grained annotations for each failure, including:
  • The failure-responsible agent (who failed),
  • The decisive error step (when the critical error occurred),
  • A natural language explanation of the failure.

The dataset covers a wide range of realistic multi-agent scenarios based on queries from GAIA and AssistantBench. It serves as a foundational resource for developing and evaluating methods that aim to automatically pinpoint the causes of failures in complex agentic systems. We follow the following guide to annotate these failure logs. More information could be found in the paper.

Important

Check out the dataset on Hugging Face 🤗.

💡 Evaluations

Requirements

To install requirements:

pip install -r requirements.txt

Inference

Please ensure that you specify the AutoFA method (--method) in the corresponding sections of the code before executing it.

• Models We support the following models:

Model Name	Command-line Argument
GPT-4o	--model gpt-4o
GPT-4	--model gpt4
GPT-4o-mini	--model gpt4o-mini
Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	--model llama-8b
Llama-3.1-70B-Instruct	--model llama-70b
Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct	--model qwen-7b
Qwen2.5-72B-Instruct	--model qwen-72b

Run

python inference.py --method #METHOD --model #MODEL --is_handcrafted #DATA --directory_path #PATH

where:

• --method specifies the failure attribution method:

  • all_at_once : All-at-Once judging
  • step_by_step : Step-by-Step judging
  • binary_search : Binary Search judging

• --is_handcrafted specifies the dataset type:

  • True : Use hand-crafted agentic systems
  • False : Use algorithm-generated agentic systems

• --directory_path specifies the path to the dataset:

  • ../Who&When/Hand-Crafted : Path to hand-crafted systems
  • ../Who&When/Algorithm-Generated : Path to algorithm-generated systems

Example:

python inference.py --method step_by_step --model gpt-4o --is_handcrafted False --directory_path ../Who&When/Algorithm-Generated

Evaluation

After that, you can evaluate the results. By default, the results are stored in the outputs.

Example:

python evaluate.py --data_path ../Who\&When/Algorithm-Generated --eval_file  outputs/step_by_step_gpt-4o_alg_generated.txt

🧪 Experimental Results

More results could be found in the paper.

📖 Reference

Important

If you find it useful, please consider citing our work:

@inproceedings{
zhang2025which,
title={Which Agent Causes Task Failures and When? On Automated Failure Attribution of {LLM} Multi-Agent Systems},
author={Shaokun Zhang and Ming Yin and Jieyu Zhang and Jiale Liu and Zhiguang Han and Jingyang Zhang and Beibin Li and Chi Wang and Huazheng Wang and Yiran Chen and Qingyun Wu},
booktitle={Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning},
year={2025},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=GazlTYxZss}
}

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