The 802.11 standard that underpins Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, WPA2, and WPA3) and Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) doesn't require that received fragments be cleared from memory after (re)connecting to a network. Under the right circumstances, when another device sends fragmented frames encrypted using WEP, CCMP, or GCMP, this can be abused to inject arbitrary network packets and/or exfiltrate user data.

References

• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24586
• https://github.com/vanhoefm/fragattacks/blob/master/SUMMARY.md
• https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/06/msg00019.html
• https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/06/msg00020.html
• https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-wifi-faf-22epcEWu
• https://www.arista.com/en/support/advisories-notices/security-advisories/12602-security-advisory-63
• https://www.fragattacks.com
• https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00473.html
• http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/05/11/12
• https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/04/msg00002.html