Add TICK command and edge scheduler for temporal scheduling

[masa10-f]

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• Make sure you have tests for the new code and that test passes (run pytest)
• If applicable, add a line to the [unreleased] part of CHANGELOG.md, following keep-a-changelog.
• Format added code by ruff
• Type checking by mypy and pyright
• Make sure the checks (github actions) pass.
• Check that the docs compile without errors (run make html in ./docs/ - you may need to install dependency for sphinx docs, see docs/requirements.txt.)

Context:

This PR implements temporal scheduling features for MBQC (Measurement-Based Quantum Computing) patterns. The TICK command provides time slice boundary markers, and the edge scheduler automatically schedules entanglement operations based on node preparation times.

Description of the change:

This PR introduces two major features:

1. TICK Command: A time slice boundary marker that enables temporal scheduling in MBQC patterns

   • Added TICK command type to mark boundaries between time slices
   • Integrated TICK command handling in PatternSimulator (no-op for quantum state)
   • Integrated TICK command processing in Stim compiler (outputs TICK instruction)

2. Edge Scheduler: Automatic entanglement operation scheduling based on node preparation times

   • Added entangle_time attribute to Scheduler for tracking entanglement operation timing
   • Added auto_schedule_entanglement() method to automatically schedule CZ gates when both nodes are prepared
   • Added detailed_timeline property for comprehensive scheduling information including entanglement operations
   • Added entanglement time validation in schedule validation
   • Extended compress_schedule() function to support entanglement time compression

3. Scheduler Integration: Enhanced qompile() to support temporal scheduling

   • Added scheduler parameter to qompile() for custom scheduling
   • Added insert_tick parameter to enable TICK command insertion between time slices
   • Automatically inserts TICK commands between time slices when scheduler is provided

4. Tests: Added comprehensive test suite

   • Added test_simulator_with_tick_commands() for TICK command handling in PatternSimulator
   • Added test_stim_compile_with_tick_commands() for TICK command compilation to Stim format
   • Extended scheduler integration tests with comprehensive edge scheduling validation

5. Examples: Added entanglement_scheduling_demo.py demonstrating edge scheduler features

All tests pass (220 tests), and code quality checks (mypy, pyright, ruff) pass successfully.

Related issue:

Closes #99

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 73.52941% with 45 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 74.32%. Comparing base (933eb4a) to head (0302898).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master     #126      +/-   ##
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+ Coverage   68.35%   74.32%   +5.97%     
==========================================
  Files          21       21              
  Lines        2035     2154     +119     
  Branches      326      360      +34     
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+ Hits         1391     1601     +210     
+ Misses        592      478     -114     
- Partials       52       75      +23     

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[masa10-f]

@codex review

[chatgpt-codex-connector]

Codex Review: Didn't find any major issues. Chef's kiss.

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