Optimise SparsePauliOp.from_operator (#11557)

* Optimise `SparsePauliOp.from_operator`

This rewrites the `from_operator` handling (again!) from the initial
Rust implementation of the recursive matrix-addition form into an
iterative approach that re-uses the same scratch memory all the way
down.  This is significantly faster, and allocates far less often,
although in practice the peak heap memory usage will be not dissimilar.

The algorithm is rewritten to be a manual stack-based iteration, rather
than a functional recursion.  The size of a single stack entry in the
iteration is one `usize`, which is drastically smaller than whatever
per-function-call stack will have been used before.

* Improve documentation

* Increase test coverage