Add check for prefect-client version in prefect-client workflow

[desertaxle]

Fixes an issue where the __version__ attribute is not populating correctly. The root cause is that the setup.py that the prefect-client package uses doe not include a cmdclass. That cmdclass generates the _version.py file that encodes the current version when we build the library. It was likely left out because we delete files in CI, which leads to versioneer adding a .dirty to the generated version.

After trying several other approaches, I changed the version style that versioneer uses for version generation to pep440-pre, which ignores dirty changes. This isn't ideal since we lose information with this style, but it does fix the issue. We should consider alternative ways of building prefect-client that don't require such changes.

I also added a check to ensure that prefect-client correctly matches the version of prefect from this point on.

Closes #15620

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #15624 will not alter performance

_{Comparing fix-prefect-client-version (e72be00) with main (3fadd7f)}

Summary

✅ 3 untouched benchmarks

[cicdw]

nice work, works for me

[zzstoatzz]

aha nice catch

[zzstoatzz]

this