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-    "markdown": "---\ntitle: Omnomnomnivores\nauthor:\n  - name: Tanya Strydom\n    orcid: 0000-0001-6067-1349\n    corresponding: false\n    email: t.strydom@sheffield.ac.uk\n    roles:\n      - Investigation\n      - Project administration\n      - Software\n      - Visualization\n    affiliations:\n      - Curvenote\n  - name: Timothée Poisot\n    orcid: 0000-0002-0735-5184\n    corresponding: true\n    email: timothee.poisot@umontreal.ca\n    roles: []\n    affiliations:\n      - Université de Montreal\n      - Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences\nkeywords:\n  - wombling\n  - spatial networks\nabstract: |\n  In September 2021, a significant jump in seismic activity on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) signaled the start of a volcanic crisis that still continues at the time of writing. Earthquake data is continually collected and published by the Instituto Geográphico Nacional (IGN). ...\nplain-language-summary: |\n  Earthquake data for the island of La Palma from the September 2021 eruption is found ...\nkey-points:\n  - A web scraping script was developed to pull data from the Instituto Geogràphico Nacional into a machine-readable form for analysis\n  - Earthquake events on La Palma are consistent with the presence of both mantle and crustal reservoirs.\ndate: last-modified\nbibliography: references.bib\ncitation:\n  container-title: Earth and Space Science\nnumber-sections: true\n---\n\n:::{#3901fd7a .cell .markdown}\n## Introduction\n\n\n## Data & Methods {#sec-data-methods}\n\n### Metacommunity model\n\nThe metacommunity model developed by @Thompson2017Dispersala is a good starting point to use for this 'case study' as it allows us some flexibility with how we want to parameterise the system. The model (@eq-metacomm) itself is based on a tritrophic community ('plants', 'herbivores', and 'carnivores') and is a collection of modified Lotka–Volterra equations and (broadly) models species abundance as a function of interaction strength, environmental effect, immigration, and emigration. The metacommunity consists of $S$ species with $M$ environmental patches and looks as follows:\n\n$$\nX_{ij}(t+1)=X_{ij}(t)exp\\left[C_{i} + \\sum_{k=1}^{S}B_{ik}X_{kj}(t)+A_{ij}(t)\\right]+I_{ij}(t)-X_{ij}(t)a_{i}\n$$ {#eq-metacomm}\n\nWhere $X_{ij}(t)$ is the abundance of species $i$ in patch $j$ at time $t$. $C_i$ is its intrinsic rate of increase (which we have set to 0.1 for 'plants' and -0.01 for 'herbivores' and 'carnivores'). $B_{ik}$ is the per capita effect of species $k$ on species $i$. The exact interaction strength for each species pair is drawn from a uniform distribution with the parameters for the interaction pairs listed in @tbl-interaction_strength, the values drawn from the uniform distribution are scaled by dividing by $0.33S$ to yield the final interaction strength for each interacting pair.\n\n\n| Interacting pair    | Range of uniform distribution|\n|---------------------|:----------------------------:|\n| Plant-plant         | -1.0 -- 0.00                 |\n| Plant-herbivore     |  0.0 -- 0.10                 |\n| Plant-carnivore     | 0.0                          |\n| Herbivore-plant     | -0.3 -- 0.00                 |\n| Herbivore-herbivore | -0.2-- -0.15                 |\n| Herbivore-carnivore |  0.0 -- 0.08                 |\n| Carnivore-plant     | 0.0                          |\n| Carnivore-herbivore | -0.1 -- 0.00                 |\n| Carnivore-carnivore | -0.1 -- 0.00                 |\n\n: Intervals used for the uniform distribution from which interaction strengths values are drawn from for the different types of species pair interactions. Note this is represent the effect of species type 1 on species type 2 *i.e.,* herbivore-plant represents the effect of a herbivore species on a plant species {#tbl-interaction_strength}\n\n$A_{ij}(t)$ is the effect of the environment in patch $j$ on species $i$ at time $t$ and can be further expanded as follows:  \n\n$$\n\\hat{A}_{ij}(t)=h\\times\\frac{1}{\\sigma\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\\exp-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(\\frac{(E_{j}(t)-H_{i})^2}{\\sigma}\\right)^2\n$$\n\n$$\nA_{ij}(t)= \\hat{A}_{ij}(t) - max(\\hat{A})\n$$ {#eq-metacomm_env}\n\nSpecies environmental optima ($H_i$) are evenly distributed across the entire range of environmental conditions for each trophic level, meaning that species from different trophic levels will be at, or near the same environmental optima. $h$ is a scaling parameter (set to 300), $E_j(t)$ is the environment in patch $j$ at time $t$ and $\\sigma$ is the standard deviation (set to 50).\n\n$I_{ij}(t)$ is the abundance of species $i$ immigrating to patch $j$ at time $t$ and can be expanded as follows:\n\n$$\nI_{ij}(t)=\\sum_{l=j}^{M}a_iX_{il}(t)exp(-Ld_{jl})\n$$ {#eq-metacomm_imm}\n\nWhere $ai$ is the proportion of the population of species $i$ that disperses at each time step, the dispersal rate is drawn from a normal distribution ($\\mu$ = 0.1, $\\sigma$ = 0.025) for each species. The abundance of immigrants to patch $j$ from all other patches is governed by where $d_{jl}$ is the geographic distance between patches $j$ and $l$, and $L$ (the strength of the exponential decrease in dispersal with distance), which is also drawn from a normal distribution for each species. The parameters used for $L$ are trophic level dependant and are show in @tbl-interaction_decay\n\n| Trophic level | $\\mu$ | $\\sigma$ |\n|---------------|:-----:|:--------:|\n| Plant         | 0.3   | 0.075    |\n| Herbivore     | 0.2   | 0.050     |\n| Carnivore     | 0.1   | 0.025    |\n\n: Parameters for the normal distributions used to determine the dispersal decay ($L$) for each species depending on its trophic level. {#tbl-interaction_decay}\n\n### Generating networks\n\nMore info on the baking process and the various connectivity stuff and whatnot\n\n### Spatial wombling\n\nBroadly speaking spatial wombling is an edge-detection algorithm which traverses a geographic area and defines this area in terms of the rate ($m$) and corresponding direction ($\\theta$) of change. This is done by using first-order partial derivative ($\\partial$) of the 'curvature' of the landscape as described by $f(x,y)$ (see @eq-womble). This essentially gives an indiaction how steep the gradient ($m$) is between neighbouring cells as well as the direction ($\\theta$) of the slope. \n\n$$\nm = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\partial f(x,y)}{\\partial x}^2 + \\frac{\\partial f(x,y)}{\\partial y}^2}\n$${#eq-womble}\n\nThe spatial wombling analyses were done using `SpatialBoundaries.jl` [@Strydom2023Spatialboundariesa]. The docuemntation provides a more detailed breakdown of the underlying methodology.\n\n## Conclusion\n\n## References {.unnumbered}\n\n::: {#refs}\n:::\n:::\n\n",
+    "markdown": "---\ntitle: Omnomnomnivores\nauthor:\n  - name: Tanya Strydom\n    orcid: 0000-0001-6067-1349\n    corresponding: false\n    email: t.strydom@sheffield.ac.uk\n    roles:\n      - Investigation\n      - Project administration\n      - Software\n      - Visualization\n    affiliations:\n      - Curvenote\n  - name: Timothée Poisot\n    orcid: 0000-0002-0735-5184\n    corresponding: true\n    email: timothee.poisot@umontreal.ca\n    roles: []\n    affiliations:\n      - Université de Montreal\n      - Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences\nkeywords:\n  - wombling\n  - spatial networks\nabstract: |\n  In September 2021, a significant jump in seismic activity on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) signaled the start of a volcanic crisis that still continues at the time of writing. Earthquake data is continually collected and published by the Instituto Geográphico Nacional (IGN). ...\nplain-language-summary: |\n  Earthquake data for the island of La Palma from the September 2021 eruption is found ...\nkey-points:\n  - A web scraping script was developed to pull data from the Instituto Geogràphico Nacional into a machine-readable form for analysis\n  - Earthquake events on La Palma are consistent with the presence of both mantle and crustal reservoirs.\ndate: last-modified\nbibliography: references.bib\ncitation:\n  container-title: Earth and Space Science\nnumber-sections: true\n---\n\n:::{#217fbe80 .cell .markdown}\n## Introduction\n\n\n## Data & Methods {#sec-data-methods}\n\n### Metacommunity model\n\nThe metacommunity model developed by @Thompson2017Dispersala is a good starting point to use for this 'case study' as it allows us some flexibility with how we want to parameterise the system. The model (@eq-metacomm) itself is based on a tritrophic community ('plants', 'herbivores', and 'carnivores') and is a collection of modified Lotka–Volterra equations and (broadly) models species abundance as a function of interaction strength, environmental effect, immigration, and emigration. The metacommunity consists of $S$ species with $M$ environmental patches and looks as follows:\n\n$$\nX_{ij}(t+1)=X_{ij}(t)exp\\left[C_{i} + \\sum_{k=1}^{S}B_{ik}X_{kj}(t)+A_{ij}(t)\\right]+I_{ij}(t)-X_{ij}(t)a_{i}\n$$ {#eq-metacomm}\n\nWhere $X_{ij}(t)$ is the abundance of species $i$ in patch $j$ at time $t$. $C_i$ is its intrinsic rate of increase (which we have set to 0.1 for 'plants' and -0.01 for 'herbivores' and 'carnivores'). $B_{ik}$ is the per capita effect of species $k$ on species $i$. The exact interaction strength for each species pair is drawn from a uniform distribution with the parameters for the interaction pairs listed in @tbl-interaction_strength, the values drawn from the uniform distribution are scaled by dividing by $0.33S$ to yield the final interaction strength for each interacting pair.\n\n\n| Interacting pair    | Range of uniform distribution|\n|---------------------|:----------------------------:|\n| Plant-plant         | -1.0 -- 0.00                 |\n| Plant-herbivore     |  0.0 -- 0.10                 |\n| Plant-carnivore     | 0.0                          |\n| Herbivore-plant     | -0.3 -- 0.00                 |\n| Herbivore-herbivore | -0.2-- -0.15                 |\n| Herbivore-carnivore |  0.0 -- 0.08                 |\n| Carnivore-plant     | 0.0                          |\n| Carnivore-herbivore | -0.1 -- 0.00                 |\n| Carnivore-carnivore | -0.1 -- 0.00                 |\n\n: Intervals used for the uniform distribution from which interaction strengths values are drawn from for the different types of species pair interactions. Note this is represent the effect of species type 1 on species type 2 *i.e.,* herbivore-plant represents the effect of a herbivore species on a plant species {#tbl-interaction_strength}\n\n$A_{ij}(t)$ is the effect of the environment in patch $j$ on species $i$ at time $t$ and can be further expanded as follows:  \n\n$$\n\\hat{A}_{ij}(t)=h\\times\\frac{1}{\\sigma\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\\exp-\\frac{1}{2}\\left(\\frac{E_{j}(t)-H_{i}}{\\sigma}\\right)^2\n$$\n\n$$\nA_{ij}(t)= \\hat{A}_{ij}(t) - max(\\hat{A})\n$$ {#eq-metacomm_env}\n\nSpecies environmental optima ($H_i$) are evenly distributed across the entire range of environmental conditions for each trophic level, meaning that species from different trophic levels will be at, or near the same environmental optima. $h$ is a scaling parameter (set to 300), $E_j(t)$ is the environment in patch $j$ at time $t$ and $\\sigma$ is the standard deviation (set to 50).\n\n$I_{ij}(t)$ is the abundance of species $i$ immigrating to patch $j$ at time $t$ and can be expanded as follows:\n\n$$\nI_{ij}(t)=\\sum_{l=j}^{M}a_iX_{il}(t)exp(-Ld_{jl})\n$$ {#eq-metacomm_imm}\n\nWhere $ai$ is the proportion of the population of species $i$ that disperses at each time step, the dispersal rate is drawn from a normal distribution ($\\mu$ = 0.1, $\\sigma$ = 0.025) for each species. The abundance of immigrants to patch $j$ from all other patches is governed by where $d_{jl}$ is the geographic distance between patches $j$ and $l$, and $L$ (the strength of the exponential decrease in dispersal with distance), which is also drawn from a normal distribution for each species. The parameters used for $L$ are trophic level dependant and are show in @tbl-interaction_decay\n\n| Trophic level | $\\mu$ | $\\sigma$ |\n|---------------|:-----:|:--------:|\n| Plant         | 0.3   | 0.075    |\n| Herbivore     | 0.2   | 0.050     |\n| Carnivore     | 0.1   | 0.025    |\n\n: Parameters for the normal distributions used to determine the dispersal decay ($L$) for each species depending on its trophic level. {#tbl-interaction_decay}\n\n### Generating networks\n\nMore info on the baking process and the various connectivity stuff and whatnot\n\n### Spatial wombling\n\nBroadly speaking spatial wombling is an edge-detection algorithm which traverses a geographic area and defines this area in terms of the rate ($m$) and corresponding direction ($\\theta$) of change. This is done by using first-order partial derivative ($\\partial$) of the 'curvature' of the landscape as described by $f(x,y)$ (see @eq-womble). This essentially gives an indiaction how steep the gradient ($m$) is between neighbouring cells as well as the direction ($\\theta$) of the slope. \n\n$$\nm = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\partial f(x,y)}{\\partial x}^2 + \\frac{\\partial f(x,y)}{\\partial y}^2}\n$${#eq-womble}\n\nThe spatial wombling analyses were done using `SpatialBoundaries.jl` [@Strydom2023Spatialboundariesa]. The docuemntation provides a more detailed breakdown of the underlying methodology.\n\n## Conclusion\n\n## References {.unnumbered}\n\n::: {#refs}\n:::\n:::\n\n",
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