Firefox Translations training

Training pipelines for Firefox Translations machine translation models. The trained models are hosted in firefox-translations-models, compatible with bergamot-translator and can be used by firefox-translations web extension. This work is a part of Bergamot project that focuses on improving client-side machine translation in a web browser.

The pipeline is capable of training a translation model for a language pair end to end. Translation quality depends on chosen datasets, data cleaning procedures and hyperparameters. Some settings, especially low resource languages might require extra tuning.

It uses fast translation engine Marian and Snakemake framework for workflow management and parallelization.

System requirements

Local mode

• Ubuntu 18.04 (it can work on other Linux distributions, but might require setup scripts fixes; see more details in marian installation instructions).
• One or several Nvidia GPUs with CUDA drivers installed and at least 8 GB of memory.
• CUDNN installed
• At least 16 CPU cores ( some steps of the pipeline utilize multiple cores pretty well, so the more the better).
• 64 GB RAM (128 GB+ might be required for bigger datasets)
• 200+ GB of disk space ( mostly for datasets and transformations ). It depends on chosen datasets and can be significantly higher.

It was tested on:

• Ubuntu 18.04
• 56 core Xeon server
• 128 GB of RAM
• x8 NVIDIA RTX 2080 GPUs with 12 GB of memory
• CUDA 11.2
• 100 GB of local disk space
• Many terabytes of NFS mounted storage

Cluster mode

• Slurm cluster with CPU and Nvidia GPU nodes
• CUDA 11.2 ( it was also tested on 11.5)
• CUDNN library installed
• Singularity module if running with containerization (recommended)
• If running without containerization, there is no procedure to configure the environment automatically. All the required modules (for example parallel) should be preinstalled and loaded in ~/.bashrc

It was tested on Mozilla Slurm cluster using Singularity containers. The pipeline can also be launched on CSD3 HPC but the main issue is time limits for long-running jobs. Increasing retries can help.

Cloud mode

Snakemake workflows can work on Kubernetes, Google Cloud Life Sciences and other cloud platforms. The pipeline was not tested in this mode and might require modification.

Please refer to Cloud execution section of Snakemake documentation.

It is also possible to deploy Slurm cluster in the cloud. For example, using Slurm on Google Cloud Platform.

Configuration

0. Clone the repo:

git clone https://github.com/mozilla/firefox-translations-training.git
cd firefox-translations-training

1. Adjust environment settings in the Makefile
   • Configure paths to a data storage SHARED_ROOT and CUDA libraries CUDA_DIR
   • Adjust NUM_GPUS - number of GPUs per task that requires GPU and WORKSPACE - GPU memory pre-allocation for Marian
   • (Optional) Set GPUS to select specific GPUs for local mode
   • (Optional) Choose a config file to use (default is configs/config.prod.yml)
   • (Cluster mode) Adjust CLUSTER_CORES - number of CPU cores on one cluster machine
   • (Cluster mode) Use an appropriate SLURM_PROFILE from profiles/
2. Configure experiment and datasets in configs/config.prod.yml (or configs/config.test.yml for test run)
3. Change source code if needed for the experiment
4. (Cluster mode) Adjust Snakemake and cluster settings in the cluster profile. For slurm-moz: profiles/slurm-moz/config.yml and profiles/slurm-moz/config.cluster.yml You can also modify profiles/slurm-moz/submit.sh or create a new Snakemake profile.
5. (Cluster mode) It might require further tuning of requested resources in Snakemake file:
   • Use threads for a rule to adjust parallelism
   • Use resources: mem_mb=<memory> to adjust total memory requirements per task (default is set in profile/slurm-moz/config.yaml)

Installation

See also Snakemake installation

1. Install Mamba - fast Conda package manager

make conda

2. Install Snakemake

make snakemake

3. Update git submodules

make git-modules

4. (Optional) Install Singularity if running with containerization

Local mode: See Singularity installation, requries root

Cluster mode:

For example,

module load singularity

but the way to load Singularity depends on cluster installation

5. (Optional) Prepare a container image if using Singularity

Either pull the prebuilt image:

make pull

Or build it (requires root):

make build

Running

Dry run first to check that everything was installed correctly:

make dry-run

Local mode

Without containerization

make run-local

To test the whole pipeline end to end (it is supposed to run quickly and does not train anything useful):

make test

With containerization

make run-local-container

Cluster mode

To run on Slurm

without containerization:

make run-slurm

with containerization (recommended):

make run-slurm-container

Specific target

By default, all Snakemake rules are executed. To run the pipeline up to a specific rule use:

make <run-command> TARGET=<non-wildcard-rule-or-path>

For example, collect corpus first:

make run-local TARGET=merge_corpus

You can also use the full file path, for example:

make <run-command> TARGET=/models/ru-en/bicleaner/teacher-base0/model.npz.best-ce-mean-words.npz

Rerunning

If you want to rerun a specific step or steps, you can delete the result files that are expected in the Snakemake rule output. Snakemake might complain about a missing file and suggest to run it with --clean-metadata flag. In this case run:

make clean-meta TARGET=<missing-file-name>

and then as usual:

make <run-command>

Reporting

To create a Snakemake html report, run:

make report

Results

See Directory Structure section.

The main directories inside SHARED_ROOT are:

• data/<lang_pair>/<experiment> - data produced by the pipeline jobs
• logs/<lang_pair>/<experiment> - logs of the jobs for troubleshooting
• experiments/<lang_pair>/<experiment> - saved experiment settings for future reference
• models/<lang_pair>/<experiment> - all models produced by the pipeline. The final compressed models are in exported folder.

Exported models example

/models/ru-en/test/exported/model.ruen.intgemm.alphas.bin.gz
/models/ru-en/test/exported/lex.50.50.ruen.s2t.bin.gz
/models/ru-en/test/exported/vocab.ruen.spm.gz

Pipeline steps

The steps are based on train-student recipe.

Step	Description	Bottleneck	Comments
Installation	Installing dependencies and compiling	CPU	Takes ~1 hour
Data downloading	Downloads datasets, samples sentences	Network, Disk	Time depends on dataset size, sampling of huge mono datasets (100M+ sentences) is the most intensive operation.
Data cleaning	Basic preprocessing, dataset specific, language specific, rule based and other attempts to clean noisy data in parallel and mono datasets	CPU	Good parallelization across CPU cores. To make cleaning of a new language more efficient add it to clean_parallel.py.
Bicleaner	Filters noisy sentence pairs in a parallel corpus using bicleaner or bicleaner-ai depending on available language packs.	CPU, GPU	If there are no pretrained language packs for bicleaner-ai, it uses bicleaner. If there are no ones for bicleaner either, this step is skipped. Cleaning thresholds are configurable per dataset, see [Dataset cleaning](##Dataset cleaning).
Merge and dedupe	Merges clean dataset and applies deduplicaiton	CPU, Disk
Training vocabulary	Trains SentencePiece vocabulary/tokenizer model on parallel corpus.	CPU
Training s2s	Trains a backward shallow s2s model, which is useful for back-translations and ce-filtering	GPU	Inspired by a marian example.
Augmentation with back-translations	Translates mono corpus combined from monolingual datasets in target language using shallow s2s model.	GPU	It is more useful for low-resource languages and can be skipped for others.
Training teacher	Trains an ensemble of big transformer models on augmented dataset	GPU	You might want to adjust early stopping or after-epochs parameters depending on datasets size.
Fine-tuning teacher	Continue training an ensemble of teachers on parallel data only	GPU	You might want to adjust early stopping parameters depending on datasets size.
Translation by teacher	Translates a corpus and monolingual data combined from configurable dataset.mono-src using the ensemble of teacher models	GPU	The slowest part of the pipeline. Can take days. It is possible to speed it up by using multiple nodes in cluster mode.
Cross-entropy filtering	Scores translated corpus with backward s2s model and removes a part of the corpus with the lowest scores to reduce noise	GPU, CPU, Disk	At this point we work with huge datasets. Very disk intensive.
Training alignments and shortlist	Trains alignments using fast_align and extracts lexical shortlist using extract_lex tool	CPU, Disk	Some tools require uncompressed datasets on disk and they are huge at this point. Good CPU parallelization.
Training student	Trains a small transformer student model on filtered data and using alignments. Shuffling in RAM might fail if dataset is huge and there's not enough RAM on the machine, so it's recommended to remove it and use shuffle: batches marian settings (see issue).	GPU
Fine-tuning student	Finetunes the student model by emulating 8bit GEMM during training	GPU	Converges very quickly and then degrades. It's quick but you might want to reduce early stopping threshold.
Quantizaiton	Applies 8 bit quantization to the fined-tuned student model and runs evaluation on CPU	CPU	CPU threads must be set to 1 for this step.
Evaluation	Calculates metrics for all models (BLEU, chrf) using SacreBLEU	GPU	Uses datasets.test configuration section.
Export	Exports trained model and shortlist to (bergamot-translator)(https://github.com/mozilla/bergamot-translator) format

Dataset importers

Dataset importers can be used in datasets sections of the config.

Example:

  train:
    - opus_ada83/v1
    - mtdata_newstest2014_ruen

Data source	Prefix	Name examples	Type	Comments
MTData	mtdata	newstest2017_ruen	corpus	Supports many datasets. Run mtdata list -l ru-en to see datasets for a specific language pair.
OPUS	opus	ParaCrawl/v7.1	corpus	Many open source datasets. Go to the website, choose a language pair, check links under Moses column to see what names and version is used in a link.
SacreBLEU	sacrebleu	wmt20	corpus	Official evaluation datasets available in SacreBLEU tool. Recommended to use in datasets:test config section. Look up supported datasets and language pairs in sacrebleu.dataset python module.
Flores	flores	dev, devtest	corpus	Evaluation dataset from Facebook that supports 100 languages.
Custom parallel	custom-corpus	/tmp/test-corpus	corpus	Custom parallel dataset that is already downloaded to a local disk. The dataset name is an absolute path prefix without ".lang.gz"
Paracrawl	paracrawl-mono	paracrawl8	mono	Datasets that are crawled from the web. Only mono datasets are used in this importer. Parallel corpus is available using opus importer.
News crawl	news-crawl	news.2019	mono	Some news monolingual datasets from WMT21
Common crawl	commoncrawl	wmt16	mono	Huge web crawl datasets. The links are posted on WMT21
Custom mono	custom-mono	/tmp/test-mono	mono	Custom monolingual dataset that is already downloaded to a local disk. The dataset name is an absolute path prefix without ".lang.gz"

You can also use find-corpus tool to find all datasets for an importer and get them formatted to use in config.

conda env create -f envs/corpus.yml 
conda activate corpus
python utils/find-corpus.py en ru opus
python utils/find-corpus.py en ru mtdata
python utils/find-corpus.py en ru sacrebleu

Make sure to check licenses of the datasets before using them.

Adding a new importer

Just add a shell script to corpus or mono which is named as <prefix>.sh and accepts the same parameters as the other scripts from the same folder.

Dataset fixing

Some datasets require fixes like detokenization. Dataset and language specific fixes are implemented in pipeline/clean/fixes. Naming convention:

• <dataset_name>.sh for parallel dataset cleaning
• <dataset_name>.<lang>.sh for language specific cleaning of parallel or monolingual dataset
• / in dataset name should be replaced with _

Dataset cleaning

Some parallel datasets require more aggressive filtering. Dataset specific Bicleaner thresholds can be set in config. 0 means skipping filtering entirely (useful for Paracrawl).

Example:

experiment:
...
  bicleaner:
    default-threshold: 0.5
    dataset-thresholds:
      opus_ParaCrawl/v8: 0
      mtdata_neulab_tedtalksv1_train: 0.6

Utilities

Tensorboard

To see training graphs run tensorboard:

make install-tensorboard
make tensorboard

Then port forward 6006.

Directory structure

├ data
│   └ ru-en
│      └ test
│        ├ original
│        │   ├ corpus
│        │   │   ├ mtdata_JW300.en.gz
│        │   │   └ mtdata_JW300.ru.gz
│        │   ├ devset
│        │   │   ├ flores_dev.en.gz
│        │   │   └ flores_dev.ru.gz
│        │   ├ eval
│        │   │   ├ sacrebleu_wmt20.en.gz
│        │   │   └ sacrebleu_wmt20.ru.gz
│        │   ├ mono
│        │   │   ├ news-crawl_news.2020.ru.gz
│        │   │   └ news-crawl_news.2020.en.gz
│        │   ├ devset.ru.gz
│        │   └ devset.en.gz
│        ├ clean
│        │   ├ corpus
│        │   │   ├ mtdata_JW300.en.gz
│        │   │   └ mtdata_JW300.ru.gz
│        │   ├ mono
│        │   │   ├ news-crawl_news.2020.ru.gz
│        │   │   └ news-crawl_news.2020.en.gz
│        │   ├ mono.ru.gz
│        │   └ mono.en.gz
│        ├ biclean
│        │   ├ corpus
│        │   │   ├ mtdata_JW300.en.gz
│        │   │   └ mtdata_JW300.ru.gz
│        │   ├ corpus.ru.gz
│        │   ├ corpus.en.gz
│        ├ translated
│        │   ├ mono.ru.gz
│        │   └ mono.en.gz
│        ├ augmented
│        │   ├ corpus.ru.gz
│        │   └ corpus.en.gz
│        ├ alignment
│        │   ├ corpus.aln.gz
│        │   └ lex.s2t.pruned.gz
│        ├ merged
│        │   ├ corpus.ru.gz
│        │   └ corpus.en.gz
│        └ filtered
│            ├ corpus.ru.gz
│            └ corpus.en.gz
├ models
│   └ ru-en
│       └ test
│          ├ backward
│          ├ teacher-base0
│          ├ teacher-base1
│          ├ teacher-finetuned0
│          ├ teacher-finetuned1
│          ├ student
│          ├ student-finetuned
│          ├ speed
│          ├ evaluation
│          │  ├ backward
│          │  ├ teacher-base0
│          │  ├ teacher-base1
│          │  ├ teacher-finetuned0
│          │  ├ teacher-finetuned1
│          │  ├ teacher-ensemble
│          │  ├ student
│          │  ├ student-finetuned
│          │  └ speed
│          └ exported
│
├ experiments
│   └ ru-en
│      └ test
│         └ config.sh
├ logs
│   └ ru-en
│      └ test
│         └ clean_corpus.log

Development

Architecture

All steps are independent and contain scripts that accept arguments, read input files from disk and output the results to disk. It allows writing the steps in any language (currently it's historically mostly bash and Python) and represent the pipeline as a directed acyclic graph (DAG).

Snakemake workflow manager infers the DAG implicitly from the specified inputs and outputs of the steps. The workflow manager checks which files are missing and runs the corresponding jobs either locally or on a cluster depending on the configuration.

Snakemake parallelizes steps that can be executed simultaneously. It is especially useful for teacher ensemble training and translation.

The main Snakemake process (scheduler) should be launched interactively. It runs job processes on the worker nodes in cluster mode or on a local machine in local mode.

Conventions

• Scripts inside the pipeline directory are independent and operate only using input arguments, input files and global envs.

• All scripts test expected environment variables early.

• If a script step fails, it can be safely retried.

• Ideally, every script should start from the last unfinished step, checking presence of intermediate results of previous steps.

• A script fails as early as possible.

• Maximum bash verbosity is set for easy debugging.

• Input data is always read only.

• Output data is placed in a new folder for script results.

• It is expected that the specified output folder might not exist and should be created by the script.

• A script creates a folder for intermediate files and cleans it in the end unless intermediate files are useful for retries.

• Global variables are upper case, local variables are lower case.

• Scripts should utilize resources provided by Snakemake (number of threads, memory).

References

Here is a list of selected publications on which the training pipeline is based. You can find more relevant publications on Bergamot project web-site.

1. V. M. Sánchez-Cartagena, M. Bañón, S. Ortiz-Rojas and G. Ramírez-Sánchez, "Prompsit's submission to WMT 2018 Parallel Corpus Filtering shared task", in Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation, Volume 2: Shared Task Papers. Brussels, Belgium: Association for Computational Linguistics, October 2018

2. Gema Ramírez-Sánchez, Jaume Zaragoza-Bernabeu, Marta Bañón and Sergio Ortiz Rojas "Bifixer and Bicleaner: two open-source tools to clean your parallel data.", in Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. Lisboa, Portugal: European Association for Machine Translation, November 2020

3. Mölder F, Jablonski KP, Letcher B, et al. Sustainable data analysis with Snakemake. F1000Res. 2021;10:33. Published 2021 Jan 18. doi:10.12688/f1000research.29032.2

4. Edinburgh’s Submissions to the 2020 Machine Translation Efficiency Task (Bogoychev et al., NGT 2020)

5. From Research to Production and Back: Ludicrously Fast Neural Machine Translation (Kim et al., EMNLP 2019)

6. The University of Edinburgh’s Submissions to the WMT19 News Translation Task (Bawden et al., 2019)

7. Jörg Tiedemann, 2012, Parallel Data, Tools and Interfaces in OPUS. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'2012)

8. The University of Edinburgh’s Neural MT Systems for WMT17, Rico Sennrich, Alexandra Birch, Anna Currey, Ulrich Germann, Barry Haddow, Kenneth Heafield, Antonio Valerio Miceli Barone, and Philip Williams. In Proceedings of the EMNLP 2017 Second Conference on Machine Translation (WMT17), 2017.

9. Marian: Fast Neural Machine Translation in C++, Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt, Roman Grundkiewicz, Tomasz Dwojak, Hieu Hoang, Kenneth Heafield, Tom Neckermann, Frank Seide, Ulrich Germann, Alham Fikri Aji, Nikolay Bogoychev, Andre ́ F. T. Martins, and Alexandra Birch.

10. Improving Neural Machine Translation Models with Monolingual Data, Rico Sennrich,Barry Haddow,Alexandra Birch, Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 2016.

11. A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores (Post, 2018)

12. The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translation, Facebook

13. Many-to-English Machine Translation Tools, Data, and Pretrained Models (Gowda et al., ACL 2021)

14. Chris Dyer, Victor Chahuneau, and Noah A. Smith. (2013). A Simple, Fast, and Effective Reparameterization of IBM Model 2. In Proc. of NAACL.

15. Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units (Sennrich et al., ACL 2016)

16. Subword Regularization: Improving Neural Network Translation Models with Multiple Subword Candidates (Taku Kudo, 2018)