Implementing fallback methods for `checked_*`

[kimikage]

Since Base.Checked originally targets integer arithmetic, no fallback is provided for non-integer types.
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/blob/d84cd4d5ff0e7a51ae5ad4c1a9ac7b2999bd242e/base/checked.jl#L18-L30

It is easy to get method errors for user-/package-defined types because @checked replaces operators regardless of the existence of the methods.

Of course, it's unsafe to fall back to unchecked methods, but this seems to be a necessary measure for convenience.

[kimikage]

For specific types, it might be a good idea to have an API like warn_no_op(op::Symbol, ::Type) = nothing and embed it in the fallbacks in order to easily switch warnings (or errors) for unsafe fallbacks.

[kimikage]

Additional functionality will be added in OverflowContexts.jl.