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Chocolatey Automatic Package Updater Module

This PowerShell module implements functions that can be used to automate Chocolatey package updates.

To learn more about Chocolatey automatic packages, please refer to the relevant documentation. To see AU in action see video tutorial.

Features

• Use only PowerShell to create automatic update script for given package.
• Handles multiple streams with a single update script.
• Automatically downloads installers and provides/verifies checksums for x32 and x64 versions.
• Verifies URLs, nuspec versions, remote repository existence etc.
• Automatically sets the nuspec descriptions from a README.md files.
• Update single package or any subset of previously created AU packages with a single command.
• Multithread support when updating multiple packages.
• Repeat or ignore specific failures when updating multiple packages.
• Plugin system when updating everything, with few integrated plugins to send email notifications, save results to gist and push updated packages to git repository.
• Use of global variables to change functionality.
• Sugar functions for Chocolatey package maintainers.
• Great performance - hundreds of packages can be checked and updated in several minutes.

Installation

AU module requires minimally PowerShell version 5: $host.Version -ge '5.0'

To install it, use one of the following methods:

• PowerShell Gallery: Install-Module au.
• Chocolatey: cinst au.
• Download latest 7z package or latest build artifact.

To quickly start using AU, fork au-packages-template repository and rename it to au-packages.

NOTE: All module functions work from within specific root folder. The folder contains all of your Chocolatey packages.

Creating the package updater script

The AU uses update.ps1 script that package maintainers should create in the package directory. No templates are used, just plain PowerShell.

To write the package update script, it is generally required to implement 2 functions: au_GetLatest and au_SearchReplace.

au_GetLatest

This function is used to get the latest package information.

As an example, the following function uses Invoke-WebRequest to download a page (#1). After that it takes a href attribute from the first page link that ends with .exe word as a latest URL for the package (#2). Then it conveniently splits the URL to get the latest version for the package (#3), a step that is highly specific to the URL but very easy to determine.

function global:au_GetLatest {
     $download_page = Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $releases -UseBasicParsing #1
     $regex   = '.exe$'
     $url     = $download_page.links | ? href -match $regex | select -First 1 -expand href #2
     $version = $url -split '-|.exe' | select -Last 1 -Skip 2 #3
     return @{ Version = $version; URL32 = $url }
}

The returned version is later compared to the one in the nuspec file and if remote version is higher, the files will be updated. The returned keys of this HashTable are available via global variable $global:Latest (along with some keys that AU generates). You can put whatever data you need in the returned HashTable - this data can be used later in au_SearchReplace.

au_SearchReplace

Function returns HashTable containing search and replace data for any package file in the form:

    @{
        file_path1 = @{
            search1 = replace1
            ...
            searchN = replaceN
        }
        file_path2 = @{ ... }
        ...
    }

Search and replace strings are operands for PowerShell replace operator. You do not have to write them most of the time however, they are rarely changed.

File paths are relative to the package directory. The function can use $global:Latest variable to get any type of information obtained when au_GetLatest was executed along with some AU generated data such as PackageName, NuspecVersion etc.

The following example illustrates the usage:

function global:au_SearchReplace {
    @{
        "tools\chocolateyInstall.ps1" = @{
            "(^[$]url32\s*=\s*)('.*')"      = "`$1'$($Latest.URL32)'"           #1
            "(^[$]checksum32\s*=\s*)('.*')" = "`$1'$($Latest.Checksum32)'"      #2
        }
    }
}

Here, line of the format $url32 = '<package_url>' in the file tools\chocolateyInstall.ps1 will have its quoted string replaced with latest URL (#1). The next line replaces value of the variable $checksum32 on the start of the line with the latest checksum that is automatically injected in the $Latest variable by the AU framework (#2). Replacement of the latest version in the nuspec file is handled automatically.

NOTE: The search and replace works on lines, multiple lines can not be matched with single regular expression.

Update

With above functions implemented calling the Update-Package (alias update) function from the AU module will update the package when needed.

You can then update the individual package by running the appropriate update.ps1 script from within the package directory:

PS C:\chocolatey\dngrep> .\update.ps1
dngrep - checking updates using au version 2016.9.14
nuspec version: 2.8.15.0
remote version: 2.8.16.0
New version found
Automatic checksum started
Downloading dngrep 32 bit
  from 'https://github.com/dnGrep/dnGrep/releases/download/v2.8.16.0/dnGREP.2.8.16.x86.msi'

Download of dnGREP.2.8.16.x86.msi (3.36 MB) completed.
Package downloaded and hash calculated for 32 bit version
Downloading dngrep 64 bit
  from 'https://github.com/dnGrep/dnGrep/releases/download/v2.8.16.0/dnGREP.2.8.16.x64.msi'

Download of dnGREP.2.8.16.x64.msi (3.39 MB) completed.
Package downloaded and hash calculated for 64 bit version
Updating files
  dngrep.nuspec
    updating version:  2.8.15.0 -> 2.8.16.0
  tools\chocolateyInstall.ps1
    (^[$]url32\s*=\s*)('.*') = $1'https://github.com/dnGrep/dnGrep/releases/download/v2.8.16.0/dnGREP.2.8.16.x86.msi'
    (^[$]url64\s*=\s*)('.*') = $1'https://github.com/dnGrep/dnGrep/releases/download/v2.8.16.0/dnGREP.2.8.16.x64.msi'
    (^[$]checksum32\s*=\s*)('.*') = $1'CE4753735148E1F48FE0E1CD9AA4DFD019082F4F43C38C4FF4157F08D346700C'
    (^[$]checksumType32\s*=\s*)('.*') = $1'sha256'
    (^[$]checksum64\s*=\s*)('.*') = $1'025BD4101826932E954AACD3FE6AEE9927A7198FEEFFB24F82FBE5D578502D18'
    (^[$]checksumType64\s*=\s*)('.*') = $1'sha256'
Attempting to build package from 'dngrep.nuspec'.
Successfully created package 'dngrep.2.8.16.0.nupkg'
Package updated

This is best understood via the example - take a look at the real life package installer script and its AU updater.

Automatic package description from README.md

If a package directory contains the README.md file, its content will be automatically set as description of the package with first 2 lines omitted - you can put on those lines custom content that will not be visible in the package description.

To disable this option use -NoReadme switch with the Update-Package function. You can still call it manually from within au_AfterUpdate, which you may want to do in order to pass custom parameters to it:

function global:au_AfterUpdate ($Package)  {
     Set-DescriptionFromReadme $Package -SkipLast 2 -SkipFirst 5
}

To extract descriptions from existing packages into README.md files the following script can be used:

ls | ? PSIsContainer | ? { !(Test-Path $_\README.md) } | % {
  [xml] $package = gc $_\*.nuspec -ea 0 -Encoding UTF8
  if (!$package) { return }

  $meta = $package.package.metadata
  $readme = ('# <img src="{1}" width="48" height="48"/> [{0}](https://chocolatey.org/packages/{0})' -f $meta.id, $meta.iconUrl), ''
  $readme += $meta.description -split "`n" | % { $_.Trim() }
  $readme -join "`n" | Out-File -Encoding UTF8 $_\README.md
  $meta.id
}

Checks

The update function does the following checks:

• The $Latest.Version will be checked to match a valid nuspec pattern.
• Any hash key that starts with the word Url, will be checked for existence and MIME textual type, since binary is expected here.
• If the remote version is higher then the nuspec version, the Chocolatey site will be checked for existence of this package version (this works for unpublished packages too). This allows multiple users to update same set of packages without a conflict. Besides, this feature makes it possible not to persist state between the updates as once the package is updated and pushed, the next update will not push the package again. To persist the state of updated packages you can use for instance Git plugin which saves the updated and published packages to the git repository.
• The regex patterns in au_SearchReplace will be checked for existence.

If any of the checks fails, package will not get updated. This feature releases you from the worries about how precise is your pattern match in both au_ functions - if for example, a vendor site changes, the package update will fail because of the wrongly parsed data.

For some packages, you may want to disable some of the checks by specifying additional parameters of the update function (not all can be disabled):

Parameter	Description
NoCheckUrl	Disable URL checks
NoCheckChocoVersion	Disable the Chocolatey site check
ChecksumFor none	Disable automatic checksum

Automatic checksums

NOTE: This feature works by invoking chocolateyInstall.ps1 of the respective package with a monkey-patched version of the Get-ChocolateyWebFile helper function. The install script is supposed to either call this function explicitly or indirectly (e.g. Install-ChocolateyInstallPackage $url, which calls the former one). In any case, upon execution of Get-ChocolateyWebFile, the install script will be terminated. Any actions in your script occurring after the call to Get-ChocolateyWebFile will not be run. This is due to the nature of how the function gets monkey-patched, which might be improved in the future.

When new version is available, the update function will by default download both x32 and x64 versions of the installer and calculate the desired checksum. It will inject this info in the $global:Latest HashTable variable so you can use it via au_SearchReplace function to update hashes. The parameter ChecksumFor can contain words all, none, 32 or 64 to further control the behavior.

You can disable this feature by calling update like this:

update -ChecksumFor none

You can define the hash algorithm by returning corresponding ChecksumTypeXX hash keys in the au_GetLatest function:

return @{ ... ChecksumType32 = 'sha512'; ... }

If the checksum is actually obtained from the vendor's site, you can provide it along with its type (SHA256 by default) by returning corresponding ChecksumXX hash keys in the au_GetLatest function:

return @{ ... Checksum32 = 'xxxxxxxx'; ChecksumType32 = 'md5'; ... }

If the ChecksumXX hash key is present, the AU will change to checksum verification mode - it will download the installer and verify that its checksum matches the one provided. If the key is not present, the AU will calculate hash with the given ChecksumTypeXX algorithm.

Manual checksums

Sometimes invoking chocolateyInstall.ps1 during the automatic checksum could be problematic so you need to disable it using update option ChecksumFor none and get the checksum some other way. Function Get-RemoteChecksum can be used to simplify that:

  function global:au_BeforeUpdate() {
     $Latest.Checksum32 = Get-RemoteChecksum $Latest.Url32
  }

  function global:au_GetLatest() {
    $download_page = Invoke-WebRequest $releases -UseBasicParsing
    $url     = $download_page.links | ? href -match '\.exe$' | select -First 1 -expand href
    $version = $url -split '/' | select -Last 1 -Skip 1
    @{
        URL32     = $url
        Version   = $version
    }
  }

Force update

You can force the update even if no new version is found by using the parameter Force (or global variable $au_Force). This can be useful for testing the update and bug fixing, recalculating the checksum after the package was created and already pushed to Chocolatey or if URLs to installer changed without change in version.

Example:

PS C:\chocolatey\cpu-z.install> $au_Force = $true; .\update.ps1
cpu-z.install - checking updates
nuspec version: 1.77
remote version: 1.77
No new version found, but update is forced
Automatic checksum started
...
Updating files
  cpu-z.install.nuspec
    updating version using Chocolatey fix notation: 1.77 -> 1.77.0.20160814
...

Force option changes how package version is used. Without force, the NuspecVersion determines what is going on. Normally, if NuspecVersion is lower then the RemoteVersion update happens. With Force this changes:

1. If NuspecVersion is lower then RemoteVersion, Force is ignored and update happens as it would normally
2. If NuspecVersion is the same as the RemoteVersion, the version will change to chocolatey fix notation.
3. If the NuspecVersion is already using chocolatey fix notation, the version will be updated to fix notation for the current date.
4. If the NuspecVersion is higher then the RemoteVersion update will happen but RemoteVersion will be used.

Points 2-4 do not apply if you set the explicit version using the variable au_Version.

Chocolatey fix notation changes a version so that current date is added in the revision component of the package version in the format yyyyMMdd. More precisely:

• chocolatey fix version always ends up in to the Revision part of the package version;
• existing fix versions are changed to contain the current date;
• if revision part is present in the package version and it is not in the chocolatey fix notation form, AU will keep the existing version but notify about it;

Force can be triggered also from the au_GetLatest function. This may be needed if remote version doesn't change but there was nevertheless change on the vendor site. See the example on how to update the package when remote version is unchanged but hashsum of the installer changes.

Global variables

To avoid changing the ./update.ps1 when troubleshooting or experimenting you can set up any already unset update parameter via global variable. The names of global variables are the same as the names of parameters with the prefix au_. As an example, the following code will change the update behavior so that URL is not checked for existence and MIME type and update is forced:

$au_NoCheckUrl = $au_Force = $true
./update.ps1

This is the same as if you added the parameters to update function inside the ./update.ps1 script:

update -NoCheckUrl -Force

however, its way easier to setup global variable with manual intervention on multiple packages.

There is also a special variable $au_GalleryUrl using which you can change the URL that is used to check if package is already pushed. It defaults to https://chocolatey.org and you can change it if you need to this option for 3rd party or internal package repositories.

Reusing the AU updater with metapackages

Metapackages can reuse an AU updater of its dependency by the following way:

• In the dependent updater, instead of calling the update directly, use construct:

    if ($MyInvocation.InvocationName -ne '.') { update ... }
  

• In the metapackage updater dot source the dependent updater and override au_SearchReplace.

This is best understood via example - take a look at the cpu-z AU updater which uses the updater from the cpu-z.install package on which it depends. It overrides the au_SearchReplace function and the update call but keeps the au_GetLatest.

Embedding binaries

Embedded packages do not download software from the Internet but contain binaries inside the package. This makes package way more stable as it doesn't depend on the network for installation - all versions of the package will always work, either on Chocolatey gallery or in your private cache.

AU function Get-RemoteFiles can download files and save them in the package's tools directory. It does that by using the $Latest.URL32 and/or $Latest.URL64.

The following example downloads files inside au_BeforeUpdate function which is called before the package files are updated with the latest data (function is not called if no update is available):

function global:au_BeforeUpdate() {
    #Download $Latest.URL32 / $Latest.URL64 in tools directory and remove any older installers.
    Get-RemoteFiles -Purge
}

This function will also set the appropriate $Latest.ChecksumXX.

NOTE: There is no need to use automatic checksum when embedding because Get-RemoteFiles will do it, so always use parameter -ChecksumFor none.

Streams

The software vendor may maintain multiple latest versions, of specific releases because of the need for long time support. au_GetLatest provides an option to return multiple HashTables in order for its user to monitor each supported software stream. Prior to AU streams, each software stream was typically treated as a separate package and maintained independently. Using AU streams allows a single package updater to update multiple version streams in a single run:

function global:au_GetLatest {
    # ...
    @{
        Streams = [ordered] @{
            '1.3' = @{ Version = $version13; URL32 = $url13 }  # $version13 = '1.3.9'
            '1.2' = @{ Version = $version12; URL32 = $url12 }  # $version12 = '1.2.3.1'
        }
    }
}

Though a Hashtable can be returned for streams, it is recommended to return an OrderedDictionary (see above example) that contains streams from the most recent to the oldest one. This ensures that when forcing an update, the most recent stream available will be considered by default (i.e. when no -IncludeStream is specified).

Latest stream versions are kept in the <package_name>.json file in the package directory. For real life example take a look at the Python3 package updater which automatically finds available python 3 streams and keeps them up to date.

Streams can be also used to manage multiple related packages as a single package. LibreOffice package updater uses streams to manage two different variants of the software (prior to streams this was handled via 2 packages.)

In order to help working with versions, function Get-Version can be called in order to parse semver versions in a flexible manner. It returns an AUVersion object with all the details about the version. Furthermore, this object can be compared and sorted.

NOTES:

• By default only the first updated stream is pushed per run of updateall. In order to push all of them add among its options PushAll = $true.
• To force the update of the single stream, use IncludeStream parameter. To do so via commit message, use [AU package\stream] syntax.

PS> Get-Version 'v1.3.2.7rc1'

Version Prerelease BuildMetadata
------- ---------- -------------
1.3.2.7 rc1

PS> $version = Get-Version '1.3.2-beta2+5'
PS> $version.ToString(2) + ' => ' + $version.ToString()
1.3 => 1.3.2-beta2+5

WhatIf

If you don't like the fact that AU changes the package inline, or just want to preview changes you can use $WhatIf parameter or $au_WhatIf global variable:

PS C:\au-packages\copyq> $au_Force = $au_WhatIf = $true; .\update.ps1

WARNING: WhatIf passed - package files will not be changed
copyq - checking updates using au version 2017.5.21.172014
...
Successfully created package 'C:\au-packages\copyq\copyq.3.0.1.20170523.nupkg'
WARNING: Package restored and updates saved to: C:\Users\majkinetor\AppData\Local\Temp\au\copyq\_output

NOTES:

• The inline editing is intentional design choice so that AU, its plugins and user scripts can use latest package data, such as latest version, checksum etc.
• WhatIf can be used when updating all packages.
• Since WhatIf saves the original package before the update and restores it after the update, interruption at specific time can cause package files to be left unrestored. In that case you can manually restore the package from $Env:TEMP\au\<package_name>\_backup directory. This is in general not very likely however, because restore happens very quickly after the update.

Updating all packages

You can update all packages and optionally push them to the Chocolatey repository with a single command. Function Update-AUPackages (alias updateall) will iterate over update.ps1 scripts and execute each in a separate thread. If it detects that a package is updated it will optionally try to push it to the Chocolatey repository and may also run configured plugins.

For the push to work, specify your Chocolatey API key in the file api_key in the script's directory (or its parent directory) or set the environment variable $Env:api_key. If none provided cached NuGet key will be used.

The function will search for packages in the current directory. To override that, use global variable $au_Root:

PS> $au_root = 'c:\chocolatey_packages`
PS> $Options = @{
    Timeout = 10
    Threads = 15
    Push    = $true
}
PS> updateall -Options $Options

Updating 6 automatic packages at 2016-09-16 22:03:33
Push is enabled
   copyq is updated to 2.6.1 and pushed
   dngrep had errors during update
       Can't validate URL 'https://github.com/dnGrep/dnGrep/releases/download/v2.8.16.0/dnGREP.2.8.16.x64.msi'
       Exception calling "GetResponse" with "0" argument(s): "The operation has timed out"
   eac has no updates
   pandoc has no updates
   plantuml has no updates
   yed had errors during update
       Can't validate URL 'https://www.yworks.com'
       Invalid content type: text/html

Finished 6 packages after .32 minutes.
1 updated and 1 pushed.
2 errors - 2 update, 0 push.

Use updateall parameter Name to specify package names via glob, for instance updateall [a-d]* would update only packages which names start with the letter 'a' trough 'd'. Add Push among options to push successfully built packages to the chocolatey repository.

Take a look at the real life example of the update script. To see all available options for updateall type man updateall -Parameter Options.

Plugins

It is possible to specify a custom user logic in Options parameter - every key that is of type [HashTable] will be considered plugin with the PowerShell script that is named the same as the key. The following code shows how to use 5 integrated plugins:

    $Options = [ordered]@{
        Timeout = 100
        Threads = 15
        Push    = $true

        # Save text report in the local file report.txt
        Report = @{
            Type = 'text'
            Path = "$PSScriptRoot\report.txt"
        }

        # Then save this report as a gist using your api key and gist id
        Gist = @{
            ApiKey = $Env:github_api_key
            Id     = $Env:github_gist_id
            Path   = "$PSScriptRoot\report.txt"
        }

        # Persist pushed packages to your repository
        Git = @{
            User = ''
            Password = $Env:github_api_key
        }

        # Then save run info which can be loaded with Import-CliXML and inspected
        RunInfo = @{
            Path = "$PSScriptRoot\update_info.xml"
        }

        # Finally, send an email to the user if any error occurs and attach previously created run info
        Mail = if ($Env:mail_user) {
                @{
                   To          = $Env:mail_user
                   Server      = 'smtp.gmail.com'
                   UserName    = $Env:mail_user
                   Password    = $Env:mail_pass
                   Port        = 587
                   EnableSsl   = $true
                   Attachment  = "$PSScriptRoot\$update_info.xml"
                   UserMessage = 'Save attachment and load it for detailed inspection: <code>$info = Import-CliXCML update_info.xml</code>'
                }
        } else {}
    }

The plugins above - Report, Gist,Git,RunInfo and Mail - are executed in the given order (hence the [ordered] flag) and AU passes them given options and saves the run results.

To add custom plugins, specify additional plugin search path via $Options.PluginPath. Plugin is a normal PowerShell script and apart from parameters given in its HashTable the AU will send it one more parameter $Info that contains current run info. The name of the script file must be the same as that of the key which value is used to pass the parameters to the plugin. If a key with the value of type [HashTable] doesn't point to existing PowerShell script it is not considered to be an AU plugin.

To temporary disable plugins use updateall option NoPlugins or global variable $au_NoPlugins. To temporary exclude the AU package from updateall procedure add _ prefix to the package directory name.

You can also execute a custom script via ScriptBlock specified via BeforeEach and AfterEach options. They will receive 2 parameters - package name and Options HashTable which you can use to pass any other parameter.

For more information take a look at the plugins documentation.

Make a script

Its desirable to put everything in a single script update_all.ps1 so it can be scheduled and called with the given options. Rename update_all_default.ps1 and uncomment and set the options you need.

To make a local scheduled task, use the following code in the directory where your update_all.ps1 script is found to install it:

$At = '03:00'
schtasks /create /tn "Update-AUPackages" /tr "powershell -File '$pwd\update_all.ps1'" /sc daily /st $At

Its preferable to run the updater on AppVeyor.

Handling update errors

When errors occur during the updateall operation, email will be sent to the owner and report will contain errors section. Some network errors are expectable and you may want to ignore them - package that failed will get updated in one of the subsequent runs anyway. To ignore an error, use try/catch block around update and return 'ignore' word from the update.ps1 script:

try {
    update
} catch {
    $ignore = 'Unable to connect to the remote server'
    if ($_ -match $ignore) { Write-Host $ignore; 'ignore' }  else { throw $_ }
}

The package will get shown in the report as ignored and no errors will be shown.

Keyword 'ignore' can also be used inside au_GetLatest function: returning this keyword instead of $Latest HashTable or as a result for particular stream will ignore that package or particular package stream.

If some errors occur in multiple packages, you can make updateall repeat and/or ignore such packages globally without any changes to update.ps1 scripts. To do so, provide repeat/ignore options to its$Options HashTable parameter as in the following example:

IgnoreOn = @(                                      #Error message parts to set the package ignore status
    'Timeout'
    'Access denied'
)
RepeatOn = @(                                      #Error message parts on which to repeat package updater
    'Unable to create secure channel'
    'Could not establish trust relationship'
    'Unable to connect'
)
RepeatSleep   = 120                                #How much to sleep between repeats in seconds, by default 0
RepeatCount   = 2                                  #How many times to repeat on errors, by default 1

Notes

• The repeat wont work if the package has its own ignore routine for the same error, because the package wont return an error in that case.
• If the same error is both in RepeatOn and IgnoreOn list, the package will first be repeated and if the error persists, it will be ignored.
• The last line returned by the package prior to the word 'ignore' is used as IgnoreMessage for that package and shown in reports.

Can't validate URL error

If you encounter Can't validate URL error like

Can't validate URL
Exception calling "GetResponse" with "0" argument(s): "The remote server returned an error: (401) Unauthorized.":<url>

you need to pass HTTP/HTTPS headers used for retrieving url/url64bit to $Latest.Options.Headers as Hashtable, where key is header name, and value are header itself. This may be Authorization or Referer header or any others.

Linux support

AU is almost 100% usable on Linux platforms using pwsh.

The following notes apply to Linux environments:

1. Do not use automatic checksum. Use -ChecksumFor None instead and handle cheksum manually using Get-RemoteFiles or similar
2. Check out how to install choco on linux platforms
3. Nuspec files element directory separator needs to be changed to a forward slash manually

See details on adequate issue.

Other functions

Apart from the functions used in the updating process, there are few sugars for regular maintenance of the package:

• Test-Package Quickly test install and/or uninstall of the package from the current directory with optional parameters. This function can be used to start testing in chocolatey-test-environment via Vagrant parameter.

• Push-Package Push the latest package using your API key.

• Get-AuPackages (alias gau or lsau) Returns the list of the packages which have update.ps1 script in its directory and which name doesn't start with '_'.

Community

• Wormies AU Helpers Helper scripts to make maintaining packages using AU even easier
• Chocolatey Core Community Maintainers Team Packages The largest repository of AU packages by far