5. Relationships
In relational databases, tables are related to one another. There are several types of relationships that can be defined. This framework makes it easy to define and use relationships without having to write extensive code.
There are 3 types of relationships defined in this framework: One-to-One, One-to-Many and Many-to-Many.
In this video, we will learn how to define one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships among models in Caligrafy.
A One-to-One relationship is the simplest relationship between two entities. For example, we can have an authorization module where every User has one Account and reciprocally every Account has one User. This is a typical One-to-One relationship.
In order to create such a relationship, you first need to make sure that the database tables that you create for the two entities both have foreign keys that link to one another.
Learn more about
Relational Databaseshere
Once your database tables are created, one of the models User, for example, will add a new method that invokes the hasOne() method to define that relationship.
use Caligrafy\Model;
class User extends Model {
// properties go here
//...
//new method that defines a One-to-One relationship
public function account()
{
return $this->hasOne('Account','accounts');
// the first argument is the model name to link to
// the second argument is the database table name of to link to
}
}In the Account model, you will need to do the same using the hasOne method.
use Caligrafy\Model;
class Account extends Model {
// properties go here
//...
//new method that defines the inverse of a One-to-One relationship
public function user()
{
return $this->hasOne('User','users');
// the first argument is the model name to link to
// the second argument is the database table name of to link to
}
}Notice: In both the examples, there is no restriction as to the name of the method used to define the relationships. We recommend using a name that is representative enough of the type of relationship.
After the relationship has been defined in the respective models, making use of that relationship takes place in the context of the Controller. For example, in order to get the Account associated with a User, you would do the following in the UserController:
use Caligrafy\Controller;
class UserController extends Controller {
public function getAccount()
{
$this->associate('User', 'users'); // create the association
$account = $this->find(1)->account(); // returns account for user with id 1
}
}A One-to-Many relationship is a common type of relationship between two entities. Taking the same example as before, you could allow one User to have multiple Account but an Account to belong to one user. For that you would want to use a One-to-Many relationship.
In order to create such a relationship, you first need to make sure that the entity that could exist many times has a reference in the table of the other entity. In our example, that means that there should be a foreign_key in the accounts table that references the users table.
Learn more about
Relational Databaseshere
Once your database tables are created, the User model needs a new method that invokes the hasMany() method to define that relationship.
use Caligrafy\Model;
class User extends Model {
// properties go here
//...
//new method that defines a One-to-Many relationship
public function accounts()
{
return $this->hasMany('Account','accounts');
// the first argument is the model name to link to
// the second argument is the database table name of to link to
}
}In the Account model, the account belongs to one User. You will need to define a belongsTo or the hasOne relationship.
use Caligrafy\Model;
class Account extends Model {
// properties go here
//...
//new method that defines the One to relationship
public function user()
{
return $this->hasOne('User','users');
// the first argument is the model name to link to
// the second argument is the database table name of to link to
}
}Notice: In both the examples, there is no restriction as to the name of the method used to define the relationships. We recommend using a name that is representative enough of the type of relationship.
After the relationship has been defined in the respective models, making use of that relationship takes place in the context of the Controller. For example, in order to get all the accounts associated with a User, you would do the following in the UserController:
use Caligrafy\Controller;
class UserController extends Controller {
public function getAccounts()
{
$this->associate('User', 'users'); // create the association
$accounts = $this->find(1)->accounts(); // returns accounts for user with id 1
}
}A Many-to-Many relationship ensures that two entities could have multiple instances of each other. Taking the same example as before, you could allow one User to have multiple Account and one Account to have multiple User. For that you would want to use a Many-to-Many relationship.
In order to create such a relationship, you do not need to do anything in the database other than making sure to follow the naming conventions.
Learn more about Naming Conventions here
The User model needs a new method that invokes the belongsToMany() method to define that relationship.
use Caligrafy\Model;
class User extends Model {
// properties go here
//...
//new method that defines a Many-to-Many relationship
public function accounts()
{
return $this->belongsToMany('Account','accounts');
// the first argument is the model name to link to
// the second argument is the database table name of to link to
}
}Similarly, the Account model needs to define a belongsToMany relationship.
use Caligrafy\Model;
class Account extends Model {
// properties go here
//...
//new method that defines a Many-to-Many relationship
public function users()
{
return $this->belongsToMany('User','users');
// the first argument is the model name to link to
// the second argument is the database table name of to link to
}
}Notice: In both the examples, there is no restriction as to the name of the method used to define the relationships. We recommend using a name that is representative enough of the type of relationship.
After the relationship has been defined in the respective models, making use of that relationship takes place in the context of the Controller. For example, in order to get all the accounts associated with a User, you would do the following in the UserController:
use Caligrafy\Controller;
class UserController extends Controller {
public function getAccounts()
{
$this->associate('User', 'users'); // create the association
$user = $this->find(1);
$accounts = $user->accounts(); // returns all accounts for user with id 1
// Alternatively, you can use the pivot property to access all the pivots associated with a user
$accounts = $user->pivot->accounts->all; // returns all accounts for user with id 1
}
}Relationships work under the premise that all tables have and 'id' primary key. This convention cannot be overridden. Also, the relationship methods assume that all foreign keys have the format modelname_id with the model name being in small caps. Taking the User and Account example again, the foreign keys are by default assumed to be user_id (in the accounts table) and account_id (in the users table).
This framework provides the flexibility to override the foreign keys naming.
// One-to-One relationship
public function hasOne($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKey = null, $localKey = null)
// One-to-Many relationship
public function hasMany($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKey = null, $localKey = null)
public function belongsTo($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKey = null, $localKey = null)
// Many-to-Many relationship in both directions
public function belongsToMany($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKeyLocal = null, $foreignKeyJoin = null)The core Model class comes prepackaged with a set of properties and methods that help establish the relationships and interfacing with joined tables.
// One-to-One relationship
public function hasOne($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKey = null, $localKey = null)
// One-to-Many relationship
public function hasMany($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKey = null, $localKey = null)
public function belongsTo($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKey = null, $localKey = null)
// Many-to-Many relationship in both directions
public function belongsToMany($modelName, $joinedTableName, $foreignKeyLocal = null, $foreignKeyJoin = null)
public function attach($joinedTableName, $id) // attaches an ID to a joined many-to-many table
public function detach($joinedTableName, $id) // detaches and ID from a joined many-to-many table