Skip to content

Commit

Permalink
fix typo
Browse files Browse the repository at this point in the history
  • Loading branch information
karpathy committed Jun 13, 2020
1 parent 9e84d17 commit 52477f4
Showing 1 changed file with 1 addition and 1 deletion.
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion _posts/2020-06-11-biohacking-lite.markdown
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Since I am a computer scientist it is hard to avoid a comparison of this "energy
<div class="thecap"><a href="https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-8-metabolism-cell/untitled/energy-conversions.html">Left</a>: Chemically, as far as inputs and outputs alone are concerned, burning things with fire is identical to burning food for our energy needs. <a href="https://www.docsity.com/en/energy-conversion-fundamentals-of-biology-lecture-slides/241294/">Right</a>: the complete oxidation of C-C / C-H rich molecules powers not just our bodies but a lot of our technology.</div>
</div>

**Photosynthesis: "inverse combustion"**. If H2O and CO2 are oh so energetically favored, it's worth keeping in mind where all of this C-C, C-H rich fuel came from in the first place. Of course, it comes from plants - the OG nanomolecular factories. In the process of photosynthesis, plants strip hydrogen atoms away from oxygen in molecules of water with light, and via further processing snatch carbon dioxide (CO2) lego blocks from the atmosphere to build all kinds of organics. Amusingly, unlike fixing hydrogen from H2O and carbon from CO2, plants are unable to fix the plethora of nitrogen from the atmosphere (the triple bond in N2 is very strong) and rely on bacteria to synthesize more chemically active forms (Ammonia, NH3), which is why chemical fertilizers are so important for plant growth and why the Haber-Bosch basically averted the Malthusian catastrophe. Anyway, the point is that plants build all kinds of insanely complex organic molecules from these basic lego blocks (carbon dioxide, water) and all of it is fundamentally powered by light via the miracle of photosynthesis. The sunlight's energy is trapped in the C-C / C-H bonds of the manufactured organics, which we eat and oxidize back to CO2 / H2O (capturing ~40% of in the form of a 3rd phosphate group on ATP), and finally convert to blog posts like this one, and a bunch of heat. Also, going in I didn't quite appreciate just how much we know about all of the reactions involved, that we we can track individual atoms around all of them, and that any student can easily calculate answers to questions such as "How many ATP molecules are generated during the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid?" ([it's 106](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6V9RFs9NGk), now you know).
**Photosynthesis: "inverse combustion"**. If H2O and CO2 are oh so energetically favored, it's worth keeping in mind where all of this C-C, C-H rich fuel came from in the first place. Of course, it comes from plants - the OG nanomolecular factories. In the process of photosynthesis, plants strip hydrogen atoms away from oxygen in molecules of water with light, and via further processing snatch carbon dioxide (CO2) lego blocks from the atmosphere to build all kinds of organics. Amusingly, unlike fixing hydrogen from H2O and carbon from CO2, plants are unable to fix the plethora of nitrogen from the atmosphere (the triple bond in N2 is very strong) and rely on bacteria to synthesize more chemically active forms (Ammonia, NH3), which is why chemical fertilizers are so important for plant growth and why the Haber-Bosch process basically averted the Malthusian catastrophe. Anyway, the point is that plants build all kinds of insanely complex organic molecules from these basic lego blocks (carbon dioxide, water) and all of it is fundamentally powered by light via the miracle of photosynthesis. The sunlight's energy is trapped in the C-C / C-H bonds of the manufactured organics, which we eat and oxidize back to CO2 / H2O (capturing ~40% of in the form of a 3rd phosphate group on ATP), and finally convert to blog posts like this one, and a bunch of heat. Also, going in I didn't quite appreciate just how much we know about all of the reactions involved, that we we can track individual atoms around all of them, and that any student can easily calculate answers to questions such as "How many ATP molecules are generated during the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid?" ([it's 106](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6V9RFs9NGk), now you know).

> We've now established in some detail that fat is your body's primary battery pack and we'd like to breathe it out. Let's turn to the details of the accounting.
Expand Down

0 comments on commit 52477f4

Please sign in to comment.