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wolfmcnally committed Apr 18, 2024
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## Introduction

[Graphs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)) are mathematical structures that consist of a set of vertices (also known as nodes) and a set of edges connecting these vertices. Formally, a graph $G$ is represented as an ordered pair $(V, E)$, where $V$ is the set of vertices and $E$ is the set of edges. Each edge is a pair $\left\{ u, v \right\}$ (for undirected graphs) or an ordered pair $(u, v)$ (for directed graphs) representing a connection between vertices $u$ and $v$.
[Graphs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)) are mathematical structures that consist of a set of vertices (also known as nodes) and a set of edges connecting these vertices. Formally, a graph $G$ is represented as an ordered pair $`(V, E)`$, where $`V`$ is the set of vertices and $E$ is the set of edges. Each edge is a pair $`\left\{ u, v \right\}`$ (for undirected graphs) or an ordered pair $`(u, v)`$ (for directed graphs) representing a connection between vertices $`u`$ and $`v`$.

The following example graph contains three vertices $V = \left\{ A, B, C \right\}$ and three directed edges $E = \left\{ (A, B), (B, C), (C, A) \right\}$ arranged in a "cycle":
The following example graph contains three vertices $`V = \left\{ A, B, C \right\}`$ and three directed edges $`E = \left\{ (A, B), (B, C), (C, A) \right\}`$ arranged in a "cycle":

```mermaid
graph LR
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