ci: Replace go-dev base image

[christinalau0]

Reason for Change:

The go-dev base image was archived, its last update was for go 1.21: https://github.com/deis/docker-go-dev/blob/v1.39.1/rootfs/Dockerfile

This PR removes the use of go-dev base image, and instead uses the MAR go base image: https://mcr.microsoft.com/en-us/artifact/mar/oss/go/microsoft/golang/tags

In addition, this PR adds make targets to install azure cli, kubectl, k, azcopy, etc. The steps now are to use the MAR go base image, and then run make bootstrap.

Issue Fixed:

Credit Where Due:

Does this change contain code from or inspired by another project?

• No
• Yes

If "Yes," did you notify that project's maintainers and provide attribution?

• No
• Yes

Requirements:

• uses conventional commit messages
• includes documentation
• adds unit tests
• tested upgrade from previous version

Notes:

[christinalau0]

Successfully updated and validated:

• ADO PR-E2E
• ADO Test-Vhd-No-Egress
• ADO AIB VHD

Updated but did NOT validate:

• ADO marketplace
• ADO windows scripts
• Hub E2E