HTTP API: Better logging, add retry mechanism, better error detection

[gudmdharalds]

This pull request refines the HTTP API functions for GET, POST and PUT requests so that retries are attempted across all the functions, more details are logged and more consistently across types of requests, and more.

This change ensures more requests are retried and more data is available for debugging when a failure occurs.

TODO:

• Attempt retries for PUT and POST requests in case of failure.
• Log more details of errors, such as headers, across GET, POST and PUT requests.
• Ensure to retry when retry-after header is observed with GET requests.
• Check automated unit-tests
• Add or update PHPDoc comments for new or updated functions (main code only; for VIP)
• Changelog entry (for VIP) [ Changelog for version 1.2.3 #262 ]

[wpcomvip-vipgoci-bot]

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