chore: update dependencies

[Mirko-von-Leipzig]

This PR refreshes the lockfile, and updates the dependencies insofar as we are currently able.

I've also removed some dead code and moved duplicate dep versions into the root Cargo.toml file.

Remaining outdated dependencies can be seen below (I've removed the miden-protocol git deps for brevity). I've added inline comments explaining why they cannot be updated yet.

cargo update -n --verbose                          □ node △(a62deed) ⎪●◦⎥ pkg ◨ 0.14.0 rs ⊃ 1.91.1 15:27
    Updating crates.io index
    Updating git repository `https://github.com/0xMiden/miden-base`
     Locking 9 packages to latest compatible versions

   # -- Waiting on deadpool-diesel to support v0.13 --
   Unchanged deadpool v0.12.3 (available: v0.13.0)
   Unchanged deadpool-sync v0.1.4 (available: v0.2.0)
   Unchanged generic-array v0.14.7 (available: v0.14.9)
   Unchanged libsqlite3-sys v0.35.0 (available: v0.36.0)
   Unchanged matchit v0.8.4 (available: v0.8.6)

   Unchanged miden-air v0.20.6 (available: v0.21.1)
   Unchanged miden-crypto v0.19.6 (available: v0.22.3)

   # -- This is a major change to rand v0.10, blocked by miden-protocol. 
   # -- I imagine this would be a major breaking change for protocol.
   Unchanged rand v0.9.2 (available: v0.10.0)
   Unchanged rand_chacha v0.9.0 (available: v0.10.0)
      Adding windows-sys v0.59.0
note: to see how you depend on a package, run `cargo tree --invert --package <dep>@<ver>`
warning: not updating lockfile due to dry run

Closes #1680