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Code Golf - Output Fit Numbers
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<p>爱下棋的朋友应该对“排局”这个词并不陌生，与“排局”一样，编程领域也有跟这个类似的好玩的东西：有一种故意出一种看起来不切合实际的问题，要求使用尽量短的代码来实现对应的功能。这个叫做“Code Golf”的黑科技却吸引着众多的程序员参与其中，今天我们就来看看其中的一个例子。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<blockquote>
<p>本文根据<a href="http://stackexchange.com/" target="_blank" rel="external">Stack Exchange</a>上的<a href="http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/90067/output-fit-numbers" target="_blank" rel="external">code golf - Output “Fit” numbers</a>翻译/整理而成。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="题目"><a href="#题目" class="headerlink" title="题目"></a>题目</h2><p>现有这个一个需求，编程实现<a href="https://oeis.org/A090078" target="_blank" rel="external">OEIS数列A090078</a>。</p>
<p>这里简单介绍一下数列<code>A090078</code>，从基数开始，将序号转为二进制，再将二进制中的连在一起的<code>0</code>进行合并，得到的新的二进制再转换为十进制，便就是该数列的值。</p>
<p>示例：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">1 -> 1 -> 1 -> 1</div><div class="line">9 -> 1001 -> 101 -> 5</div><div class="line">15 ->1111 -> 1111 -> 15</div><div class="line">13 ->1101 -> 1101 -> 13</div><div class="line">16 -> 10000 -> 10 -> 2</div><div class="line">17 -> 10001 -> 101 -> 5</div><div class="line">65535 -> 1111111111111111 -> 1111111111111111 -> 65535</div><div class="line">65000 -> 1111110111101000 -> 11111101111010 -> 16250</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>我们姑且把这种转换称之为<code>fit</code>，得到的数值叫做<code>fit number</code>。那么上面提到的需求就可以描述为：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>给定一个值，求该值的<code>fit number</code>。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>下面就来看看各路大牛各显神通吧！</p>
<h2 id="代码实现"><a href="#代码实现" class="headerlink" title="代码实现"></a>代码实现</h2><h3 id="Bash-GNU-utilities"><a href="#Bash-GNU-utilities" class="headerlink" title="Bash + GNU utilities"></a>Bash + GNU utilities</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">dc -e2o?p|tr -s 0|dc -e2i?p</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>仅27字节。</p>
<h3 id="05AB1E"><a href="#05AB1E" class="headerlink" title="05AB1E"></a>05AB1E</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">b00¬:C</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这简直黑科技中的黑科技，仅仅8个字节就实现了。<a href="http://05ab1e.tryitonline.net/#code=YjAwwqw6Qw&input=NjUwMDA" target="_blank" rel="external">在线测试</a>。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://github.com/Adriandmen/05AB1E" target="_blank" rel="external">05AB1E</a>这门编程语言，本身也是娱乐品，有兴趣的可以点击访问其项目主页。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="Jellyfish"><a href="#Jellyfish" class="headerlink" title="Jellyfish"></a>Jellyfish</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">p</div><div class="line">d</div><div class="line"># S</div><div class="line">,1</div><div class="line">*</div><div class="line">\dbi</div><div class="line"> 2</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>仅20个字节。又是一款黑魔法，<a href="https://github.com/iatorm/jellyfish" target="_blank" rel="external">Jellyfish</a>是一款来自于<code>J</code>语言的用<code>Python 3</code>编写的编程语言。</p>
<h3 id="JavaScript"><a href="#JavaScript" class="headerlink" title="JavaScript"></a>JavaScript</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">n=>+`0b${n.toString(2).replace(/0+/g,0)}`</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">n=>'0b'+n.toString(2).replace(/0+/g,0)-0</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这是ES6的语法，走了个捷径，不能算作是正确答案，<del>因为没有输出语句，看不到结果</del>，不过这里也贴出来。</p>
<h3 id="Bash-sed-bc"><a href="#Bash-sed-bc" class="headerlink" title="Bash (sed + bc)"></a>Bash (sed + bc)</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">echo $[2#`bc<<<obase=2\;$1|sed s/00\*/0/g`]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="MATL"><a href="#MATL" class="headerlink" title="MATL"></a>MATL</h3><p>传说中的MATLAB，看看：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">BFFOZtXB</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>仅仅只有8个字节</strong></p>
<p>难以置信吧？看看其解读：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"> % Implicitly grab input</div><div class="line">B % Convert decimal to binary</div><div class="line">FF % Create the array [0 0]</div><div class="line">O % Number literal</div><div class="line">Zt % Replaces all [0 0] with [0] (will replace any number of 0's with 0)</div><div class="line">XB % Convert binary to decimal</div><div class="line"> % Implicitly display</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>可能你不信，那么请访问在<a href="http://matl.tryitonline.net/#code=Qm9GRk9adFhC&input=OQ" target="_blank" rel="external">线测试页面</a>。</p>
<p><del>BoFFOZtXB</del></p>
<p><del>o % Convert from logical to double (due to a bug)…有个双精度的BUG</del></p>
<h3 id="Python-3"><a href="#Python-3" class="headerlink" title="Python 3"></a>Python 3</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> re</div><div class="line">f=<span class="keyword">lambda</span> x:eval(re.sub(<span class="string">'0+'</span>,<span class="string">'0'</span>,bin(x)))</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>简单直接并粗暴，50字节的Python解决方案奉上。</p>
<h3 id="Perl-6"><a href="#Perl-6" class="headerlink" title="Perl 6"></a>Perl 6</h3><figure class="highlight perl"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">{:<span class="number">2</span>(.base(<span class="number">2</span>)~~{S:g/<span class="number">0</span>+<span class="regexp">/0/</span>})}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>解释：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">-> $_ {</div><div class="line"> # convert from base 2</div><div class="line"> :2(</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> # convert to base 2</div><div class="line"> $_.base(2)</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> # substitute</div><div class="line"> .subst(</div><div class="line"> :global,</div><div class="line"> / 0+ /, # all substrings made of 0s</div><div class="line"> '0' # with one 0</div><div class="line"> )</div><div class="line"> )</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>示例：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">my &fit-compress = {:2(.base(2)~~{S:g/0+/0/})}</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 1; # 1</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 9; # 5</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 15; # 15</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 13; # 13</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 16; # 2</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 17; # 5</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 65535; # 65535</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 65000; # 16250</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"># number created with ｢:2( [~] <0 1>.roll: 256 )｣</div><div class="line">say fit-compress 80794946326210692074631955353531749442835289622757526957697718534769445507500</div><div class="line"># 4240335298301026395935723255481812004519990428936918</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h3 id="Ruby"><a href="#Ruby" class="headerlink" title="Ruby"></a>Ruby</h3><figure class="highlight ruby"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">->n{eval (<span class="string">"0b%b"</span>%n).squeeze <span class="string">?0</span>}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Ruby的解决方案，31字节实现，<a href="https://repl.it/CnnQ/2" target="_blank" rel="external">在线测试</a>。</p>
<h3 id="Jelly"><a href="#Jelly" class="headerlink" title="Jelly"></a>Jelly</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">BŒgḄBFḄ</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>黑科技无疑，<del>代码里面有叫不出名字的字母</del>。<a href="http://jelly.tryitonline.net/#code=QsWSZ-G4hEJG4biE&input=&args=NjUwMDA" target="_blank" rel="external">在线测试</a>。</p>
<p>这个<code>Jelly</code>是个什么鬼？请参阅其项目主页：<a href="https://github.com/DennisMitchell/jelly" target="_blank" rel="external">DennisMitchell/jelly</a>。</p>
<h3 id="PHP"><a href="#PHP" class="headerlink" title="PHP"></a>PHP</h3><figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="meta"><?</span>=bindec(preg_replace(<span class="string">"/0+/"</span>,<span class="number">0</span>,decbin($argv[<span class="number">1</span>])));</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>PHP作为一个有逼格的编程语言，自然不能示弱，51字节实现，<del>虽然跟Javascript一样很尴尬</del>。</p>
<h3 id="C"><a href="#C" class="headerlink" title="C"></a>C</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">int x(int x)=>Convert.ToInt32(Regex.Replace(Convert.ToString(x,2),"0+","0"),2);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Java"><a href="#Java" class="headerlink" title="Java"></a>Java</h3><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(Integer x)</span></span>{<span class="keyword">return</span> x.valueOf(x.toString(x,<span class="number">2</span>).replaceAll(<span class="string">"0+"</span>,<span class="string">"0"</span>),<span class="number">2</span>);}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>java不甘寂寞，也来一份，但也只有语法实现，并不能愉快的直接测试。</p>
<p>测试代码：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Fit</span> </span>{</div><div class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">f</span><span class="params">(Integer x)</span></span>{<span class="keyword">return</span> x.valueOf(x.toString(x,<span class="number">2</span>).replaceAll(<span class="string">"0+"</span>,<span class="string">"0"</span>),<span class="number">2</span>);}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">final</span> String... args)</span> </span>{</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">final</span> Fit x = <span class="keyword">new</span> Fit();</div><div class="line"> System.out.println(x.f(<span class="number">65000</span>));</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>这里还有一份很短的Java代码：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">interface</span> <span class="title">C</span></span>{<span class="function"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[]b)</span></span>{Integer i=<span class="number">0</span>;System.out.print(i.parseInt(i.toString(i.parseInt(b[<span class="number">0</span>]),<span class="number">2</span>).replaceAll(<span class="string">"0+"</span>,<span class="string">"0"</span>),<span class="number">2</span>));}}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h3 id="PowerShell-v2"><a href="#PowerShell-v2" class="headerlink" title="PowerShell v2+"></a>PowerShell v2+</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[convert]::ToInt32(([convert]::ToString($args[0],2)-replace'0+',0),2)</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>年长的PowerShell同样的不敢寂寞，然而这测试过程也是有点无奈：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">PS C:\Tools\Scripts\golfing> 1,9,15,13,16,17,65535,65000|%{"$_ -> " +(.\output-fit-number.ps1 $_)}</div><div class="line">1 -> 1</div><div class="line">9 -> 5</div><div class="line">15 -> 15</div><div class="line">13 -> 13</div><div class="line">16 -> 2</div><div class="line">17 -> 5</div><div class="line">65535 -> 65535</div><div class="line">65000 -> 16250</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Pyth"><a href="#Pyth" class="headerlink" title="Pyth"></a>Pyth</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">i:.BQ"0+"\02</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这什么语言瞅着眼熟的很，然而这并不是<code>Python</code>，该语言的项目主页：<a href="https://github.com/isaacg1/pyth" target="_blank" rel="external">Pyth</a>。</p>
<p>代码解释：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"> .BQ # Convert input from base 10 to base 2</div><div class="line"> : "0+"\0 # Replace multiple zeroes with single zero</div><div class="line">i 2 # Convert back from base 2 to base 10</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><a href="https://pyth.herokuapp.com/?code=i%3A.BQ%220%2B%22%5C02&input=65000&test_suite=1&test_suite_input=1%0A9%0A15%0A13%0A16%0A17%0A65535%0A65000&debug=0" target="_blank" rel="external">在线测试</a>。</p>
<h3 id="Retina"><a href="#Retina" class="headerlink" title="Retina"></a>Retina</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">.+</div><div class="line">$*1;</div><div class="line">+`(1+)\1</div><div class="line">$1;</div><div class="line">1;</div><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">;+</div><div class="line">0</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>讲真，我已经目瞪口呆。<a href="https://github.com/m-ender/retina" target="_blank" rel="external">Retina</a>似乎又是一款自编编程语言。<a href="http://retina.tryitonline.net/#code=LisKJCoxOworYCgxKylcMQokMTsKMTsKMQo7Kwow&input=NjUwMDA" target="_blank" rel="external">在线测试</a>。</p>
<h3 id="Dyalog-APL"><a href="#Dyalog-APL" class="headerlink" title="Dyalog APL"></a>Dyalog APL</h3><p><a href="http://goo.gl/9KrKoM" target="_blank" rel="external">Dyalog APL</a>来露个脸，19字节：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">{2⊥⍵/⍨~0 0⍷⍵}2∘⊥⍣¯1</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><del>明显黑科技</del></p>
<h3 id="CJam"><a href="#CJam" class="headerlink" title="CJam"></a>CJam</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">q~2b1+0a%0a*);2b</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/cjam/" target="_blank" rel="external">CJam</a>，<a href="http://cjam.aditsu.net/#code=q~2b1%2B0a%250a*%29%3B2b&input=65000" target="_blank" rel="external">在线测试</a>。</p>
<p>代码解释：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">q~ read and evaluate the input number</div><div class="line">2b convert to base 2 (array of 1s and 0s)</div><div class="line">1+ append a 1 to deal with trailing zeros</div><div class="line">0a% split by [0], dropping empty pieces; only chunks of 1s are left</div><div class="line">0a* join by [0]</div><div class="line">); discard the 1 we appended before</div><div class="line">2b convert back from base 2</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h2 id="后记"><a href="#后记" class="headerlink" title="后记"></a>后记</h2><p><del>抄了这么多的编程语言的实现之后</del>，颇有一种井底之蛙的感觉。还有很多编程语言也可以很简洁的实现该需求，这里就不再继续贴出了，有兴趣的可自行访问<a href="http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/90067/output-fit-numbers" target="_blank" rel="external">该页面的源地址</a>。</p>
<p>全文完~</p>
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