The executor package is a simple wrapper for Python's subprocess module that makes it very easy to handle subprocesses on UNIX systems with proper escaping of arguments and error checking:
- An object oriented interface is used to execute commands using sane but customizable (and well documented) defaults.
- Remote commands (executed over SSH) are supported using the same object oriented interface, as are commands inside chroots (executed using schroot).
- There's also support for executing a group of commands concurrently in what's called a "command pool". The concurrency level can be customized and of course both local and remote commands are supported.
The package is currently tested on Python 2.7, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and PyPy. For usage instructions please refer to following sections and the documentation.
The executor package is available on PyPI which means installation should be as simple as:
$ pip install executorThere's actually a multitude of ways to install Python packages (e.g. the per user site-packages directory, virtual environments or just installing system wide) and I have no intention of getting into that discussion here, so if this intimidates you then read up on your options before returning to these instructions ;-).
There are two ways to use the executor package: As the command line program
executor and as a Python API. The command line interface is described below
and there are also some examples of simple use cases of the Python API.
Usage: executor [OPTIONS] COMMAND ...
Easy subprocess management on the command line based on the Python package with the same name. The "executor" program runs external commands with support for timeouts, dynamic startup delay (fudge factor) and exclusive locking.
You can think of "executor" as a combination of the "flock" and "timelimit" programs with some additional niceties (namely the dynamic startup delay and integrated system logging on UNIX platforms).
Supported options:
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
-t, --timeout=LIMIT |
Set the time after which the given command will be aborted. By default
LIMIT is counted in seconds. You can also use one of the suffixes "s"
(seconds), "m" (minutes), "h" (hours) or "d" (days). |
-f, --fudge-factor=LIMIT |
This option controls the dynamic startup delay (fudge factor) which is
useful when you want a periodic task to run once per given interval but the
exact time is not important. Refer to the --timeout option for acceptable
values of LIMIT, this number specifies the maximum amount of time to sleep
before running the command (the minimum is zero, otherwise you could just
include the command "sleep N && ..." in your command line :-). |
-e, --exclusive |
Use an interprocess lock file to guarantee that executor will never run
the external command concurrently. Refer to the --lock-timeout option
to customize blocking / non-blocking behavior. To customize the name
of the lock file you can use the --lock-file option. |
-T, --lock-timeout=LIMIT |
By default executor tries to claim the lock and if it fails it will exit
with a nonzero exit code. This option can be used to enable blocking
behavior. Refer to the --timeout option for acceptable values of LIMIT. |
-l, --lock-file=NAME |
Customize the name of the lock file. By default this is the base name of the external command, so if you're running something generic like "bash" or "python" you might want to change this :-). |
-v, --verbose |
Increase logging verbosity (can be repeated). |
-q, --quiet |
Decrease logging verbosity (can be repeated). |
-h, --help |
Show this message and exit. |
Below are some examples of how versatile the execute() function is. Refer to the API documentation on Read the Docs for (a lot of) other use cases.
By default the status code of the external command is returned as a boolean:
>>> from executor import execute
>>> execute('true')
TrueIf an external command exits with a nonzero status code an exception is raised, this makes it easy to do the right thing (never forget to check the status code of an external command without having to write a lot of repetitive code):
>>> execute('false')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "executor/__init__.py", line 124, in execute
cmd.start()
File "executor/__init__.py", line 516, in start
self.wait()
File "executor/__init__.py", line 541, in wait
self.check_errors()
File "executor/__init__.py", line 568, in check_errors
raise ExternalCommandFailed(self)
executor.ExternalCommandFailed: External command failed with exit code 1! (command: bash -c false)The ExternalCommandFailed exception exposes command and returncode
attributes. If you know a command is likely to exit with a nonzero status code
and you want execute() to simply return a boolean you can do this instead:
>>> execute('false', check=False)
FalseHere's how you can provide input to an external command:
>>> execute('tr a-z A-Z', input='Hello world from Python!\n')
HELLO WORLD FROM PYTHON!
TrueGetting the output of external commands is really easy as well:
>>> execute('hostname', capture=True)
'peter-macbook'It's also very easy to execute commands with super user privileges:
>>> execute('echo test > /etc/hostname', sudo=True)
[sudo] password for peter: **********
True
>>> execute('hostname', capture=True)
'test'If you're wondering how prefixing the above command with sudo would
end up being helpful, here's how it works:
>>> import logging
>>> logging.basicConfig()
>>> logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
>>> execute('echo peter-macbook > /etc/hostname', sudo=True)
DEBUG:executor:Executing external command: sudo bash -c 'echo peter-macbook > /etc/hostname'To run a command on a remote system using SSH you can use the RemoteCommand class, it works as follows:
>>> from executor.ssh.client import RemoteCommand
>>> cmd = RemoteCommand('localhost', 'echo $SSH_CONNECTION', capture=True)
>>> cmd.start()
>>> cmd.output
'127.0.0.1 57255 127.0.0.1 22'The foreach() function wraps the RemoteCommand and CommandPool classes to make it very easy to run a remote command concurrently on a group of hosts:
>>> from executor.ssh.client import foreach
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> hosts = ['127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.2', '127.0.0.3', '127.0.0.4']
>>> commands = foreach(hosts, 'echo $SSH_CONNECTION')
>>> pprint([cmd.output for cmd in commands])
['127.0.0.1 57278 127.0.0.1 22',
'127.0.0.1 52385 127.0.0.2 22',
'127.0.0.1 49228 127.0.0.3 22',
'127.0.0.1 40628 127.0.0.4 22']The latest version of executor is available on PyPI and GitHub. The documentation is hosted on Read the Docs and includes a changelog. For bug reports please create an issue on GitHub. If you have questions, suggestions, etc. feel free to send me an e-mail at peter@peterodding.com.
This software is licensed under the MIT license.
© 2020 Peter Odding.