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<body>
<section id='abstract'>
<p>
This specification describes mechanisms for ensuring the authenticity and
integrity of [=verifiable credentials=] and similar types of constrained digital
documents using cryptography, especially through the use of digital
signatures and related mathematical proofs.
</p>
</section>
<section id='sotd'>
<p>
The Working Group is actively seeking implementation feedback for this
specification. In order to exit the Candidate Recommendation phase, the
Working Group has set the requirement of at least two independent
implementations for each mandatory feature in the specification. For details
on the conformance testing process, see the test suites listed in the
<a href="https://w3c.github.io/vc-data-integrity/implementations/">
implementation report</a>.
</p>
<p class="atrisk issue"
title="Features with less than two independent implementations">
Any feature with less than two independent implementations in the
Data Integrity portions of each
<a href="https://w3c.github.io/vc-data-integrity/implementations/">
cryptosuite implementation report</a> is an "at risk" feature and might be
removed before the transition to W3C Proposed Recommendation.
</p>
</section>
<section class="informative">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>
This specification describes mechanisms for ensuring the authenticity and
integrity of [=verifiable credentials=] and similar types of constrained digital
documents using cryptography, especially through the use of digital signatures
and related mathematical proofs. Cryptographic proofs enable functionality that
is useful to implementors of distributed systems. For example, proofs can be
used to:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Make statements that can be shared without loss of trust, because their
authorship can be verified by a third party, for example as part of a
[=verifiable credential=] [[?VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]], [=verifiable presentation=],
or social media post.
</li>
<li>
Authenticate as an entity identified by a particular identifier, for example, as
the subject identified by a Decentralized Identifier (DID) [[?DID-CORE]].
</li>
<li>
Delegate authorization for actions in a remote execution environment, via
mechanisms such as Authorization Capabilities [[ZCAP]].
</li>
<li>
Agree to contracts where the agreement can be verified by another party.
</li>
<li>
Additionally, many proofs that are based on cryptographic digital signatures
provide the benefit of integrity protection, making documents and data
tamper-evident.
</li>
</ul>
<section class="informative">
<h3>How it Works</h3>
<p>
The operation of Data Integrity is conceptually simple. To create a
cryptographic proof, the following steps are performed: 1) Transformation,
2) Hashing, and 3) Proof Generation.
</p>
<figure id="hiw-creation">
<img style="margin: auto; display: block; width: 100%;"
src="diagrams/hiw-creation.svg" alt="
Diagram showing the three steps involved in the creation of a cryptographic
proof. The diagram is laid out left to right with a blue box labeled 'Data'
on the far left. The blue box travels, left to right, through three subsequent
yellow arrows labeled 'Transform Data', 'Hash Data', and 'Generate Proof'. The
resulting blue box at the far right is labeled 'Data with Proof'.
">
<figcaption style="text-align: center;">
To create a cryptographic proof, data is transformed, hashed, and
cryptographically protected.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
<dfn>Transformation</dfn> is a process described by a <dfn>transformation
algorithm</dfn> that takes input data and prepares it for the hashing process.
One example of a possible transformation is to take a record of people's names
that attended a meeting, sort the list alphabetically by the individual's family
name, and rewrite the names on a piece of paper, one per line, in sorted order.
Examples of transformations include
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonicalization">canonicalization</a>
and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding">
binary-to-text</a> encoding.
</p>
<p>
<dfn>Hashing</dfn> is a process described by a <dfn>hashing algorithm</dfn> that
calculates an identifier for the transformed data using a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function">
cryptographic hash function</a>. This process is conceptually similar to how a
phone address book functions, where one takes a person's name (the input data)
and maps that name to that individual's phone number (the hash). Examples of
cryptographic hash functions include
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#SHA-3">
SHA-3</a> and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#BLAKE3">
BLAKE-3</a>.
</p>
<p>
<dfn class="lint-ignore">Proof Generation</dfn> is a process described by a
<dfn>proof serialization algorithm</dfn> that calculates a value that protects the
integrity of the input data from modification or otherwise proves a certain
desired threshold of trust. This process is conceptually similar to the way a
wax seal can be used on an envelope containing a letter to establish trust in
the sender and show that the letter has not been tampered with in transit.
Examples of proof serialization functions include
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature">
digital signatures</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_stake">proofs of stake</a>, and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_knowledge">
proofs of knowledge</a>, in general.
</p>
<p>
To verify a cryptographic proof, the following steps are performed:
1) Transformation, 2) Hashing, and 3) Proof Verification.
</p>
<figure id="hiw-verification">
<img style="margin: auto; display: block; width: 100%;"
src="diagrams/hiw-verification.svg" alt="
Diagram showing the three steps involved in the verification of a cryptographic
proof. The diagram is laid out left to right with a blue box labeled
'Data with Proof' on the far left. The blue box travels, left to right, through
three subsequent yellow arrows labeled 'Transform Data', 'Hash Data', and
'Verify Proof'. The resulting blue box at the far right is labeled 'Data with
Proof'.
">
<figcaption style="text-align: center;">
To verify a cryptographic proof, data is transformed, hashed, and
checked for correctness.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
During verification, the [=transformation=] and [=hashing=] steps are
conceptually the same as described above.
</p>
<p>
<dfn class="lint-ignore">Proof Verification</dfn> is a process that is described
by a <dfn>proof verification algorithm</dfn> that applies a cryptographic proof
verification function to see if the input data can be trusted. Possible proof
verification functions include
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature">
digital signatures</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_stake">proofs of stake</a>, and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_knowledge">
proofs of knowledge</a>, in general.
</p>
<p>
This specification details how cryptographic software architects and
implementers can package these processes together into things called
[=cryptographic suites=] and provide them to application developers for the
purposes of protecting the integrity of application data in transit and at rest.
</p>
</section>
<section class="informative">
<h3>Design Goals and Rationale</h3>
<p>
This specification optimizes for the following design goals:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>Simplicity</dt>
<dd>
The technology is designed to be easy to use for application developers,
without requiring significant training in cryptography. It optimizes for the
following priority of constituencies: application developers over cryptographic
suite implementers, over cryptographic suite designers, over cryptographic
algorithm specification authors. The solution focuses on sensible defaults to
prevent the selection of ineffective protection mechanisms. See section
[[[#protecting-application-developers]]] and
[[[#versioning-cryptography-suites]]] for further details.
</dd>
<dt>Composability</dt>
<dd>
A number of historical digital signature mechanisms have had monolithic
designs which limited use cases by combining data transformation, syntax,
digital signature, and serialization into a single specification. This
specification layers each component such that a broader range of use cases are
enabled, including generalized selective disclosure and serialization-agnostic
signatures. See section [[[#transformations]]], section [[[#data-opacity]]], and
[[[#versioning-cryptography-suites]]] for further rationale.
</dd>
<dt>Resilience</dt>
<dd>
Since digital proof mechanisms might be compromised without warning due to
technological advancements, it is important that [=cryptographic suites=]
provide multiple layers of protection and can be rapidly upgraded. This
specification provides for both algorithmic agility and cryptographic layering,
while still keeping the digital proof format easy for developers to understand
and use. See section [[[#agility-and-layering]]] to understand the particulars.
</dd>
<dt>Progressive Extensibility</dt>
<dd>
Creating and deploying new cryptographic protection mechanisms is designed to be
a deliberate, iterative, and careful process that acknowledges that extension
happens in phases from experimentation, to implementation, to standardization.
This specification strives to balance the need for an increase in the rate of
innovation in cryptography with the need for stable production-grade
cryptography suites. See section [[[#cryptographic-suites]]] for instructions on
establishing new types of cryptographic proofs.
</dd>
<dt>Serialization Flexibility</dt>
<dd>
Cryptographic proofs can be serialized in many different but equivalent ways and
have often been tightly bound to the original document syntax. This
specification enables one to create cryptographic proofs that are not
bound to the original document syntax, which enables more advanced use cases
such as being able to use a single digital signature across a variety of
serialization syntaxes such as JSON and CBOR without the need to regenerate the
cryptographic proof. See section [[[#transformations]]] for an explanation of
the benefits of such an approach.
</dd>
</dl>
<p class="note" title="Application of technology to broader use cases">
While this specification primarily focuses on [=verifiable credentials=], the
design of this technology is generalized, such that it can be used for other use
cases. In these instances, implementers are expected to perform their own due
diligence and expert review as to the applicability of the technology to their
use case.
</p>
</section>
<section id="conformance">
<p>
A <dfn>conforming secured document</dfn> is any [=byte sequence=] that can be
converted to a
<a data-cite="INFRA#parse-json-bytes-to-a-javascript-value">
JSON document</a> that follows the relevant normative requirements in
Sections [[[#proofs]]], [[[#proof-purposes]]], [[[#resource-integrity]]],
[[[#contexts-and-vocabularies]]], and [[[#dataintegrityproof]]].
</p>
<p>
A <dfn class="lint-ignore">conforming cryptographic suite specification</dfn> is
any specification that follows the relevant normative requirements in Section
[[[#cryptographic-suites]]].
</p>
<p>
A <dfn class="lint-ignore">conforming processor</dfn> is any algorithm realized
as software and/or hardware that generates and/or consumes a
[=conforming secured document=] according to the relevant normative statements
in Section [[[#algorithms]]]. Conforming processors MUST produce errors when
non-conforming documents are consumed.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Terminology</h3>
<p>
This section defines the terms used in this specification. A link to these terms
is included whenever they appear in this specification.
</p>
<dl class="termlist definitions" data-sort="ascending">
<dt><dfn class="export">data integrity proof</dfn></dt>
<dd>
A set of attributes that represent a digital proof and the parameters required
to verify it. A <strong>digital signature</strong> is a type of data integrity
proof.
</dd>
<dt><dfn>public key</dfn></dt>
<dd>
Cryptographic material that can be used to verify digital proofs created with a
corresponding [=secret key=].
</dd>
<dt><dfn>secret key</dfn></dt>
<dd>
Cryptographic material, sometimes referred to as a
<strong>private key</strong>, that is not to be shared with anyone, and is used
to generate digital proofs and/or digital signatures.
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="export">proof purpose</dfn></dt>
<dd>
The specific intent for the proof; the reason why an entity created it. The
protected declaration acts as a safeguard to prevent the proof from being
misused for a purpose other than the one it was intended for.
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="export" data-lt="cryptosuite">cryptographic suite</dfn></dt>
<dd>
A specification defining the usage of specific cryptographic primitives in
order to achieve a particular security goal. These documents are often used
to specify [=verification methods=], digital signature types,
their identifiers, and other related properties. See Section
[[[#cryptographic-suites]]] for further detail.
</dd>
<dt><dfn>controller document</dfn></dt>
<dd>
A document that contains public cryptographic material as defined in the
[[[CONTROLLER-DOCUMENT]]] specification.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="verifier|verifiers|verifier's">verifier</dfn></dt>
<dd>
A role an entity performs by receiving data containing one or more
[=data integrity proofs=] and then determining whether or not the proof
is legitimate.
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="export">verification method</dfn></dt>
<dd>
<p>
A set of parameters that can be used together with a process to independently
verify a proof. For example, a cryptographic [=public key=] can be used as a
verification method with respect to a digital signature; in such usage, it
verifies that the signer possessed the associated cryptographic [=secret key=].
</p>
<p>
"Verification" and "proof" in this definition are intended to apply broadly. For
example, a cryptographic public key might be used during Diffie-Hellman key
exchange to negotiate a shared symmetric key for encryption. This guarantees the
integrity of the key agreement process. It is thus another type of verification
method, even though descriptions of the process might not use the words
"verification" or "proof."
</p>
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="export">verification relationship</dfn></dt>
<dd>
<p>
An expression of the relationship between the [=subject=] and a
[=verification method=]. An example of a verification relationship is
<a data-cite="CONTROLLER-DOCUMENT#authentication">authentication</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Data Model</h2>
<p>
This section specifies the data model that is used for expressing
[=data integrity proofs=] and the integrity of related resources.
</p>
<p>
All of the data model properties and types in this specification map to URLs.
The vocabulary where these URLs are defined is the [[[?SECURITY-VOCABULARY]]].
The explicit mechanism that is used to perform this mapping in a secured
document is the `@context` property.
</p>
<p>
The mapping mechanism is defined by [[[JSON-LD11]]]. To ensure a document can be
interoperably consumed without the use of a JSON-LD library, document authors
are advised to ensure that domain experts have 1) specified the expected order
for all values associated with a `@context` property, 2) published cryptographic
hashes for each `@context` file, and 3) deemed that the contents of each
`@context` file are appropriate for the intended use case.
</p>
<p>
When a document is processed by a processor that does not utilize JSON-LD
libraries, and there is a requirement to use the same semantics as those used in
a JSON-LD environment, implementers are advised to 1) enforce the expected order
and values in the `@context` property, and 2) ensure that each `@context` file
matches the known cryptographic hashes for each `@context` file.
</p>
<p>
Using static, versioned, `@context` files with published cryptographic hashes in
conjunction with JSON Schema is one acceptable approach to implementing the
mechanisms described above, which ensures proper term identification, typing,
and order, when a processor that does not utilize a JSON-LD library is used.
See the section on
<a data-cite="?VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0#type-specific-credential-processing">
Type-Specific Processing</a> in [[[?VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]]] for more details.
</p>
<section>
<h3>Proofs</h3>
<p>
A [=data integrity proof=] provides information about the proof mechanism,
parameters required to verify that proof, and the proof value itself. All of
this information is provided using Linked Data vocabularies such as
[[[?SECURITY-VOCABULARY]]].
</p>
<p>
When expressing a [=data integrity proof=] on an object, a
<dfn class="lint-ignore">`proof`</dfn> property MUST be used. The `proof`
property within a [=verifiable credential=] is a [=named graph=]. If present,
its value MUST be either a single object, or an unordered set of objects,
expressed using the properties below:
</p>
<dl style="margin-left: 1em;">
<dt>id</dt>
<dd>
An optional identifier for the proof, which MUST be a URL [[URL]], such as
a UUID as a URN (`urn:uuid:6a1676b8-b51f-11ed-937b-d76685a20ff5`).
The usage of this property is further explained in Section [[[#proof-chains]]].
</dd>
<dt>type</dt>
<dd>
The specific type of proof MUST be specified as a [=string=] that maps to a URL
[[URL]]. Examples of proof types include `DataIntegrityProof` and
`Ed25519Signature2020`. Proof types determine what other fields are required to
secure and verify the proof.
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="lint-ignore">proofPurpose</dfn></dt>
<dd>
The reason the proof was created MUST be specified as a [=string=] that maps to a
URL [[URL]]. The proof purpose acts as a safeguard to prevent the proof from
being misused by being applied to a purpose other than the one that was
intended. For example, without this value the creator of a proof could be
tricked into using cryptographic material typically used to create a Verifiable
Credential (`assertionMethod`) during a login process (`authentication`) which
would then result in the creation of a [=verifiable credential=] they never meant to
create instead of the intended action, which was to merely log in to a website.
</dd>
<dt>verificationMethod</dt>
<dd>
A verification method is the means and information needed to verify the proof.
If included, the value MUST be a [=string=] that maps to a [[URL]]. Inclusion of
`verificationMethod` is OPTIONAL, but if it is not included, other properties
such as `cryptosuite` might provide a mechanism by which to obtain the information
necessary to verify the proof. Note that when `verificationMethod` is
expressed in a [=data integrity proof=], the value points to the actual location
of the data; that is, the `verificationMethod` references, via a URL, the
location of the [=public key=] that can be used to verify the proof. This
[=public key=] data is stored in a [=controller document=], which contains a
full description of the verification method.
</dd>
<dt>cryptosuite</dt>
<dd>
An identifier for the cryptographic suite that can be used to verify the proof. See
[[[#cryptographic-suites]]] for more information. If the proof `type` is
`DataIntegrityProof`, `cryptosuite` MUST be specified; otherwise, `cryptosuite`
MAY be specified. If specified, its value MUST be a string.
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="lint-ignore">created</dfn></dt>
<dd>
The date and time the proof was created is OPTIONAL and, if included, MUST be
specified as an [[XMLSCHEMA11-2]] `dateTimeStamp` string, either in Universal
Coordinated Time (UTC), denoted by a Z at the end of the value, or with a time
zone offset relative to UTC. A [=conforming processor=] MAY chose to consume
time values that were incorrectly serialized without an offset. Incorrectly
serialized time values without an offset are to be interpreted as UTC.
</dd>
<dt id="defn-proof-expires">expires</dt>
<dd>
The `expires` property is OPTIONAL and, if present, specifies when the proof
expires. If present, it MUST be an [[XMLSCHEMA11-2]] `dateTimeStamp` string,
either in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), denoted by a Z at the end of the
value, or with a time zone offset relative to UTC. A [=conforming processor=]
MAY chose to consume time values that were incorrectly serialized without an
offset. Incorrectly serialized time values without an offset are to be
interpreted as UTC.
</dd>
<dt id="defn-domain">domain</dt>
<dd>
The `domain` property is OPTIONAL. It conveys one or more security domains in which the
proof is meant to be used. If specified, the associated value MUST be either a
string, or an unordered set of strings. A verifier SHOULD use the value to
ensure that the proof was intended to be used in the security domain in which
the verifier is operating. The specification of the `domain` parameter is useful
in challenge-response protocols where the verifier is operating from within a
security domain known to the creator of the proof. Example domain values
include: `domain.example` (DNS domain), `https://domain.example:8443`
(Web origin), `mycorp-intranet` (bespoke text string), and
`b31d37d4-dd59-47d3-9dd8-c973da43b63a` (UUID).
</dd>
<dt id="defn-challenge"><dfn>challenge</dfn></dt>
<dd>
A [=string=] value that SHOULD be included in a proof if a `domain` is specified.
The value is used once for a particular [=domain=] and window of time. This
value is used to mitigate replay attacks. Examples of a challenge value include:
`1235abcd6789`, `79d34551-ae81-44ae-823b-6dadbab9ebd4`, and `ruby`.
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="lint-ignore">proofValue</dfn></dt>
<dd>
A [=string=] value that expresses base-encoded binary data necessary to verify the
digital proof using the `verificationMethod` specified. The value MUST use a
header and encoding as described in Section
<a data-cite="CONTROLLER-DOCUMENT#multibase-0">2.4 Multibase</a> of the
[[[CONTROLLER-DOCUMENT]]] specification to express the binary data.
The contents of this value are determined by a specific cryptosuite and set
to the <em>proof value</em> generated by the <a href="#add-proof">Add Proof Algorithm</a>
for that cryptosuite. Alternative properties with different encodings specified by the
cryptosuite MAY be used, instead of this property, to encode the data necessary
to verify the digital proof.
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="lint-ignore">previousProof</dfn></dt>
<dd>
The `previousProof` property is OPTIONAL. If present, it MUST be a string
value or an unordered list of string values. Each value identifies another
[=data integrity proof=], all of which MUST also verify for the current
proof to be considered verified. This property is used in Section
[[[#proof-chains]]].
</dd>
<dt><dfn class="lint-ignore">nonce</dfn></dt>
<dd>
An OPTIONAL [=string=] value supplied by the proof creator. One use of this
field is to increase privacy by decreasing linkability that is the result
of deterministically generated signatures.
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
A proof can be added to a JSON document like the following:
</p>
<pre class="example nohighlight" title="A simple JSON data document">
{
"myWebsite": "https://hello.world.example/"
};
</pre>
<p>
The following proof secures the document above using the `eddsa-jcs-2022`
cryptography suite [[?DI-EDDSA]], which produces a verifiable digital proof by
transforming the input data using the JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS)
[[?RFC8785]] and then digitally signing it using an Edwards Digital Signature
Algorithm (EdDSA).
</p>
<pre class="example nohighlight"
title="A simple signed JSON data document">
{
"myWebsite": "https://hello.world.example/",
"proof": {
"type": "DataIntegrityProof",
"cryptosuite": "eddsa-jcs-2022",
"created": "2023-03-05T19:23:24Z",
"verificationMethod": "https://di.example/issuer#z6MkjLrk3gKS2nnkeWcm<wbr>cxiZPGskmesDpuwRBorgHxUXfxnG",
"proofPurpose": "assertionMethod",
"proofValue": "zQeVbY4oey5q2M3XKaxup3tmzN4DRFTLVqpLMweBrSxMY2xHX5XTYV<wbr>8nQApmEcqaqA3Q1gVHMrXFkXJeV6doDwLWx"
}
}
</pre>
<p>
Similarly, a proof can be added to a JSON-LD data document like the following:
</p>
<pre class="example nohighlight"
title="A simple JSON-LD data document">
{
"@context": {"myWebsite": "https://vocabulary.example/myWebsite"},
"myWebsite": "https://hello.world.example/"
};
</pre>
<p>
The following proof secures the document above by using the `ecdsa-rdfc-2019`
cryptography suite [[?DI-ECDSA]], which produces a verifiable digital proof by
transforming the input data using the RDF Dataset Canonicalization Scheme
[[?RDF-CANON]] and then digitally signing it using the Elliptic Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (ECDSA).
</p>
<pre class="example nohighlight"
title="A simple signed JSON-LD data document">
{
"@context": [
{"myWebsite": "https://vocabulary.example/myWebsite"},
"https://w3id.org/security/data-integrity/v2"
],
"myWebsite": "https://hello.world.example/",
"proof": {
"type": "DataIntegrityProof",
"cryptosuite": "ecdsa-rdfc-2019",
"created": "2020-06-11T19:14:04Z",
"verificationMethod": "https://ldi.example/issuer#zDnaepBuvsQ8cpsWrVK<wbr>w8fbpGpvPeNSjVPTWoq6cRqaYzBKVP",
"proofPurpose": "assertionMethod",
"proofValue": "zXb23ZkdakfJNUhiTEdwyE598X7RLrkjnXEADLQZ7vZyUGXX8cyJZR<wbr>BkNw813SGsJHWrcpo4Y8hRJ7adYn35Eetq"
}
}
</pre>
<p class="note" title="Representing time values to individuals">
This specification enables the expression of dates and times, such as through
the `created` and `expires` properties. This information might be indirectly
exposed to an individual if a proof is processed and is detected to be outside
an allowable time range. When displaying date and time values related to the
validity of cryptographic proofs, implementers are advised to respect the
<a data-cite="LTLI#locale" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ltli/#locale">locale</a>
and local calendar preferences of the individual [[?LTLI]]. Conversion of
timestamps to local time values are expected to consider the time zone
expectations of the individual. See
<a data-cite="?VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0#representing-time"></a> for more details about
representing time values to individuals.
</p>
<pre class="example nohighlight"
title="A data document with an attached proof that uses the 'expires' property">
{
"@context": [
{"myWebsite": "https://vocabulary.example/myWebsite"},
"https://w3id.org/security/data-integrity/v2"
],
"myWebsite": "https://hello.world.example/",
"proof": {
"type": "DataIntegrityProof",
"cryptosuite": "ecdsa-rdfc-2019",
"created": "2020-06-11T19:14:04Z",
<span class="comment">// the proof expires a month after it was created</span>
<span class="highlight">"expires": "2020-07-11T19:14:04Z"</span>,
"verificationMethod": "https://ldi.example/issuer#zDnaepBuvsQ8cpsWrVK<wbr>w8fbpGpvPeNSjVPTWoq6cRqaYzBKVP",
"proofPurpose": "assertionMethod",
"proofValue": "z98X7RLrkjnXEADJNUhiTEdwyE5GXX8cyJZRLQZ7vZyUXb23Zkdakf<wbr>RJ7adYY8hn35EetqBkNw813SGsJHWrcpo4"
}
}
</pre>
<p>
The Data Integrity specification supports the concept of multiple
proofs in a single document. There are two types of multi-proof
approaches that are identified: Proof Sets (un-ordered) and Proof Chains
(ordered).
</p>
<section>
<h3>Proof Sets</h3>
<p>
A <dfn>proof set</dfn> is useful when the same data needs to be secured by
multiple entities, but where the order of proofs does not matter, such as in the
case of a set of signatures on a contract. A proof set, which has no order, is
represented by associating a set of proofs with the `proof` key in a document.
</p>
<pre class="example nohighlight" title="A proof set in a data document">
{
"@context": [
{"myWebsite": "https://vocabulary.example/myWebsite"},
"https://w3id.org/security/data-integrity/v2"
],
"myWebsite": "https://hello.world.example/",
<span class="highlight">"proof": [{
<span class="comment">// This is one of the proofs in the set</span>
"type": "DataIntegrityProof",
"cryptosuite": "eddsa-rdfc-2022",
"created": "2020-11-05T19:23:24Z",
"verificationMethod": "https://ldi.example/issuer/1#z6MkjLrk3gKS2nnkeW<wbr>cmcxiZPGskmesDpuwRBorgHxUXfxnG",
"proofPurpose": "assertionMethod",
"proofValue": "z4oey5q2M3XKaxup3tmzN4DRFTLVqpLMweBrSxMY2xHX5XTYVQeVbY8<wbr>nQAVHMrXFkXJpmEcqdoDwLWxaqA3Q1geV6"
}, {
<span class="comment">// This is the other proof in the set</span>
"type": "DataIntegrityProof",
"cryptosuite": "eddsa-rdfc-2022",
"created": "2020-11-05T13:08:49Z",
"verificationMethod": "https://pfps.example/issuer/2#z6MkGskxnGjLrk3gK<wbr>S2mesDpuwRBokeWcmrgHxUXfnncxiZP",
"proofPurpose": "assertionMethod",
"proofValue": "z5QLBrp19KiWXerb8ByPnAZ9wujVFN8PDsxxXeMoyvDqhZ6Qnzr5CG9<wbr>876zNht8BpStWi8H2Mi7XCY3inbLrZrm95"
}]</span>
}
</pre>