Name	Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
parent directory ..
assets	assets
auth	auth
csrf	csrf
oauth	oauth
request_id	request_id
sse	sse
tests	tests
translations	translations
README.md	README.md
consts.v	consts.v
context.v	context.v
controller.v	controller.v
controller_static_regression_test.v	controller_static_regression_test.v
cors_before_request_test.v	cors_before_request_test.v
escape_html_strings_in_templates.v	escape_html_strings_in_templates.v
middleware.v	middleware.v
parse.v	parse.v
route_test.v	route_test.v
sendfile_freebsd.c.v	sendfile_freebsd.c.v
sendfile_linux.c.v	sendfile_linux.c.v
server.v	server.v
server_new_veb.v	server_new_veb.v
ssl_d_use_openssl.v	ssl_d_use_openssl.v
ssl_notd_use_openssl.v	ssl_notd_use_openssl.v
static_handler.v	static_handler.v
tr.v	tr.v
tr_test.v	tr_test.v
veb.v	veb.v
veb_fasthttp.v	veb_fasthttp.v
veb_livereload.v	veb_livereload.v

veb - the V Web Server

A simple yet powerful web server with built-in routing, parameter handling, templating, and other features.

Features

Very fast performance of C on the web.
Templates are precompiled all errors are visible at compilation time, not at runtime.
Middleware functionality similar to other big frameworks.
HTTPS support directly from veb via mbedtls.
Method-aware route middleware for protecting only selected HTTP verbs.
Static compression with gzip/zstd, including manual pre-compression support.
Controllers to split up your apps logic.
Graceful shutdown support in the new_veb backend.
Easy to deploy just one binary file that also includes all templates. No need to install any dependencies.

Quick Start

Run your veb app with a live reload via v -d veb_livereload watch run .

Now modifying any file in your web app (whether it's a .v file with the backend logic or a compiled .html template file) will result in an instant refresh of your app in the browser. No need to quit the app, rebuild it, and refresh the page in the browser!

Note: this works by injecting a small <script> tag before the ending </html> tag of the page, that will check periodically if the current page has to be reloaded. In other words, it works for template pages that have that </html> tag, or for ones that were produced by ctx.html() and that also have that closing tag, but not for ones produced by ctx.text() .

Deploying veb apps

All the code, including HTML templates, is in one binary file. That's all you need to deploy. Use the -prod flag when building for production.

Getting Started

To start, you must import the module veb and define a structure which will represent your app and a structure which will represent the context of a request. These structures must be declared with the pub keyword.

Example:

module main

import veb

pub struct User {
pub mut:
	name string
	id   int
}

// Our context struct must embed `veb.Context`!
pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
pub mut:
	// In the context struct we store data that could be different
	// for each request. Like a User struct or a session id
	user       User
	session_id string
}

pub struct App {
pub:
	// In the app struct we store data that should be accessible by all endpoints.
	// For example, a database or configuration values.
	secret_key string
}

// This is how endpoints are defined in veb. This is the index route
pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.html('<html><body><h1>Hello V!</h1><p>The secret key is "${app.secret_key}"</body></html>')
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{
		secret_key: 'secret'
	}
	// Pass the App and context type and start the web server on port 8080
	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

You can use the App struct for data you want to keep during the lifetime of your program, or for data that you want to share between different routes.

A new Context struct is created every time a request is received, so it can contain different data for each request.

Parallel picoev workers

The default non-SSL picoev backend can start more than one event loop by setting nr_workers in RunParams:

module main

import runtime
import veb

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
}

pub struct App {}

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Hello from parallel veb')
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}
	veb.run_at[App, Context](mut app,
		host:       '0.0.0.0'
		port:       8080
		nr_workers: runtime.nr_jobs()
	) or { panic(err) }
}

nr_workers defaults to 1 to preserve the historical single-loop behavior. It only affects the default non-SSL picoev backend and currently requires Linux or Termux. When running with -d new_veb, the fasthttp backend is already multi-threaded and ignores nr_workers.

Request-scoped allocation with `-prealloc`

When a veb app runs on the fasthttp backend and is compiled with -prealloc, each request is handled inside a scoped prealloc arena created by fasthttp. V allocations made while decoding the request, creating the veb.Context, matching routes, running middleware, rendering templates, and serializing the response all use that request arena.

The arena is freed after the response has been sent, not merely when the route handler returns. On macOS and BSD, the response buffer can be retained by the connection while kqueue finishes writing it; the arena is detached from the request thread and freed after the write completes. This keeps request-local allocations cheap while preserving response-buffer lifetime.

When a handler starts V spawn work while the request scope is active, the generated thread wrapper retains the request arena until the spawned function returns, so veb app code does not need to manually copy request strings just to pass them to a background task. Void spawned functions also run inside their own scoped arena, which is freed at thread exit. Do not store request-scoped strings, arrays, maps, Context values, or template output in app fields, globals, or caches unless you deliberately copy them into longer-lived storage. Process startup data, route tables, static file maps, database pools, and allocations made directly by C libraries are not part of the per-request arena.

To trace request arena allocation and free points while developing, build with:

v -prealloc -d trace_prealloc -d new_veb run .

HTTPS

To serve HTTPS directly from veb, pass an mbedtls.SSLConnectConfig in RunParams: This built-in HTTPS listener is mbedtls-backed. When compiling with -d use_openssl, veb HTTP apps avoid net.mbedtls, but direct veb HTTPS startup is unavailable.

module main

import net.mbedtls
import veb

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
}

pub struct App {}

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Hello over HTTPS')
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}
	veb.run_at[App, Context](mut app,
		host:       '0.0.0.0'
		port:       8443
		ssl_config: mbedtls.SSLConnectConfig{
			cert:     'certs/server.crt'
			cert_key: 'certs/server.key'
		}
	) or { panic(err) }
}

Graceful shutdown

When running with -d new_veb, the underlying server supports graceful shutdown. Once shutdown begins, it stops accepting new requests, waits for in-flight requests to finish, and only then exits. This is useful for deploys, tests, and management endpoints that trigger a stop after sending a response.

You can store the server handle in your app by adding an optional init_server(server &veb.Server) method:

module main

import veb

pub struct App {
pub mut:
	server &veb.Server = unsafe { nil }
}

pub fn (mut app App) init_server(server &veb.Server) {
	app.server = server
}

veb.Server forwards wait_till_running() and shutdown(timeout: ...) to the new_veb backend. These lifecycle controls are available only when running with -d new_veb without SSL.

Defining endpoints

To add endpoints to your web server, you must extend the App struct. For routing you can either use auto-mapping of function names or specify the path as an attribute. The function expects a parameter of your Context type and a response of the type veb.Result.

Example:

// This endpoint can be accessed via http://server:port/hello
pub fn (app &App) hello(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Hello')
}

// This endpoint can be accessed via http://server:port/foo
@['/foo']
pub fn (app &App) world(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('World')
}

HTTP verbs

To use any HTTP verbs (or methods, as they are properly called), such as @[post], @[get], @[put], @[patch] or @[delete] you can simply add the attribute before the function definition.

Example:

// only GET requests to http://server:port/world are handled by this method
@[get]
pub fn (app &App) world(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('World')
}

// only POST requests to http://server:port/product/create are handled by this method
@['/product/create'; post]
pub fn (app &App) create_product(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('product')
}

By default, endpoints are marked as GET requests only. It is also possible to add multiple HTTP verbs per endpoint.

Example:

// only GET and POST requests to http://server:port/login are handled by this method
@['/login'; get; post]
pub fn (app &App) login(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	if ctx.req.method == .get {
		// show the login page on a GET request
		return ctx.html('<h1>Login page</h1><p>todo: make form</p>')
	} else {
		// request method is POST
		password := ctx.form['password']
		// validate password length
		if password.len < 12 {
			return ctx.text('password is too weak!')
		} else {
			// we receive a POST request, so we want to explicitly tell the browser
			// to send a GET request to the profile page.
			return ctx.redirect('/profile')
		}
	}
}

Routes with Parameters

Parameters are passed directly to an endpoint route using the colon sign :. The route parameters are passed as arguments. V will cast the parameter to any of V's primitive types (string, int etc,).

To pass a parameter to an endpoint, you simply define it inside an attribute, e. g. @['/hello/:user]. After it is defined in the attribute, you have to add it as a function parameter. Parameters after ctx are populated from strings, so they currently must be string, integer, or bool.

Example:

// V will pass the parameter 'user' as a string
           vvvv
@['/hello/:user']                             vvvv
pub fn (app &App) hello_user(mut ctx Context, user string) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Hello ${user}')
}

// V will pass the parameter 'id' as an int
              vv
@['/document/:id']                              vv
pub fn (app &App) get_document(mut ctx Context, id int) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Document ${id}')
}

If we visit http://localhost:port/hello/vaesel we would see the text Hello vaesel.

Routes with Parameter Arrays

If you want multiple parameters in your route and if you want to parse the parameters yourself, or you want a wildcard route, you can add ... after the : and name, e.g. @['/:path...'].

This will match all routes after '/'. For example, the url /path/to/test would give path = '/path/to/test'.

         vvv
@['/:path...']                              vvvv
pub fn (app &App) wildcard(mut ctx Context, path string) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('URL path = "${path}"')
}

Query, Form and Files

You have direct access to query values by accessing the query field on your context struct. You are also able to access any formdata or files that were sent with the request with the fields .form and .files respectively.

In the following example, visiting http://localhost:port/user?name=veb we will see the text Hello veb!. And if we access the route without the name parameter, http://localhost:port/user, we will see the text no user was found,

Example:

@['/user'; get]
pub fn (app &App) get_user_by_id(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	user_name := ctx.query['name'] or {
		// we can exit early and send a different response if no `name` parameter was passed
		return ctx.text('no user was found')
	}

	return ctx.text('Hello ${user_name}!')
}

Host

To restrict an endpoint to a specific host, you can use the host attribute followed by a colon : and the host name. You can test the Host feature locally by adding a host to the "hosts" file of your device.

Example:

@['/'; host: 'example.com']
pub fn (app &App) hello_web(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Hello WEB')
}

@['/'; host: 'api.example.org']
pub fn (app &App) hello_api(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Hello API')
}

// define the handler without a host attribute last if you have conflicting paths.
@['/']
pub fn (app &App) hello_others(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Hello Others')
}

You can also create a controller to handle all requests from a specific host in one app struct.

Route Matching Order

veb will match routes in the order that you define endpoints.

Example:

@['/:path']
pub fn (app &App) with_parameter(mut ctx Context, path string) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('from with_parameter, path: "${path}"')
}

@['/normal']
pub fn (app &App) normal(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('from normal')
}

In this example we defined an endpoint with a parameter first. If we access our app on the url http://localhost:port/normal we will not see from normal, but from with_parameter, path: "normal".

Routes with a variadic parameter such as /:path... are an exception. veb keeps them as fallbacks, so a later exact or non-variadic parameter route can still match before the variadic route handles the request.

Custom not found page

You can implement a not_found endpoint that is called when a request is made, and no matching route is found to replace the default HTTP 404 not found page. This route has to be defined on our Context struct.

Example:

pub fn (mut ctx Context) not_found() veb.Result {
	// set HTTP status 404
	ctx.res.set_status(.not_found)
	return ctx.html('<h1>Page not found!</h1>')
}

Static files and website

veb also provides a way of handling static files. We can mount a folder at the root of our web app, or at a custom route. To start using static files we have to embed veb.StaticHandler on our app struct.

Example:

Let's say you have the following file structure:

.
├── static/
│   ├── css/
│   │   └── main.css
│   └── js/
│       └── main.js
└── main.v

If we want all the documents inside the static sub-directory to be publicly accessible, we can use handle_static.

Note: veb will recursively search the folder you mount; all the files inside that folder will be publicly available.

main.v

module main

import veb

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
}

pub struct App {
	veb.StaticHandler
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}

	app.handle_static('static', false)!

	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

If we start the app with v run main.v we can access our main.css file at http://localhost:8080/static/css/main.css

Mounting folders at specific locations

In the previous example the folder static was mounted at /static. We could also choose to mount the static folder at the root of our app: everything inside the static folder is available at /.

Example:

// change the second argument to `true` to mount a folder at the app root
app.handle_static('static', true)!

We can now access main.css directly at http://localhost:8080/css/main.css.

If a request is made to the root of a static folder, veb will look for an index.html or ìndex.htm file and serve it if available. Thus, it's also a good way to host a complete website. An example is available here.

It is also possible to mount the static folder at a custom path.

Example:

// mount the folder 'static' at path '/public', the path has to start with '/'
app.mount_static_folder_at('static', '/public')

If we run our app the main.css file is available at http://localhost:8080/public/main.css

Adding a single static asset

If you don't want to mount an entire folder, but only a single file, you can use serve_static.

Example:

// serve the `main.css` file at '/path/main.css'
app.serve_static('/path/main.css',  'static/css/main.css')!

Dealing with MIME types

By default, veb will map the extension of a file to a MIME type. If any of your static file's extensions do not have a default MIME type in veb, veb will throw an error and you have to add your MIME type to .static_mime_types yourself.

Example:

Given the following file structure:

.
├── static/
│   └── file.what
└── main.v

app.handle_static('static', true)!

This code will throw an error, because veb has no default MIME type for a .what file extension.

unknown MIME type for file extension ".what"

To fix this we have to provide a MIME type for the .what file extension:

app.static_mime_types['.what'] = 'txt/plain'
app.handle_static('static', true)!

Compression for static files (zstd/gzip)

veb provides automatic compression (zstd and gzip) for static files with smart caching. When enabled, veb will serve compressed versions of your static files to clients that support compression, reducing bandwidth usage and improving load times. Zstd is preferred over gzip when the client supports both.

How it works:

Manual pre-compression: If you create .zst or .gz files manually, veb will serve them in zero-copy streaming mode for maximum performance when the MIME type is allowed.
Lazy compression cache: Files smaller than the threshold are automatically compressed on first request and cached under os.cache_dir()/veb/static_compression/ (zstd preferred when the client supports it). The source directory stays unchanged.
Cache validation: If the original file is modified, the compressed cache is automatically regenerated on the next request.
Streaming for large files: Files larger than the threshold are served uncompressed in streaming mode (unless a manual .zst or .gz file exists).

Example:

module main

import veb

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
}

pub struct App {
	veb.StaticHandler
	veb.Middleware[Context]
}

pub fn (mut app App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.html('<h1>Compression demo</h1>
    <p>Visit <a href="/app.js">/app.js</a> or <a href="/style.css">/style.css</a>
    </p>')
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}

	// Enable static file compression (zstd/gzip, disabled by default)
	// Use enable_static_zstd and enable_static_gzip for specific compression
	app.enable_static_compression = true
	// Maximum file size for auto-compression is 512 KB (default: 1MB)
	app.static_compression_max_size = 524288
	app.static_compression_mime_types = [veb.mime_types['.css'], veb.mime_types['.js']]

	// Serve files from the 'static' directory
	app.handle_static('static', true)!

	// Add the content encoding middleware to compress dynamic routes as well
	// This will use zstd if the client supports it, otherwise gzip
	// Use encode_gzip or encode_zstd for specific compression
	app.use(veb.encode_auto[Context]())

	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

Set app.static_compression_mime_types when you only want to compress specific static MIME types. Leave it empty to keep the current behavior and allow compression for any static file type.

Setup and testing:

Create test files in the static directory:

mkdir -p static
echo "console.log('Hello from V web!');" > static/app.js
echo "body { margin: 0; }" > static/style.css
# Pre-compress style.css manually for zero-copy streaming (zstd or gzip)
zstd -k static/style.css  # creates style.css.zst
# or: gzip -k static/style.css  # creates style.css.gz

Run the server, it will listen on port 8080:

v run server.v

Test compression with cURL:

# Test zstd compression (preferred when client supports it)
curl -H "Accept-Encoding: zstd, gzip" -i http://localhost:8080/app.js
# Expected headers:
# Content-Encoding: zstd
# Vary: Accept-Encoding

# Test gzip fallback (when client doesn't support zstd)
curl -H "Accept-Encoding: gzip" -i http://localhost:8080/app.js
# Expected headers:
# Content-Encoding: gzip
# Vary: Accept-Encoding

# Request with automatic decompression
curl -H "Accept-Encoding: zstd, gzip" --compressed http://localhost:8080/app.js

# Request without encoding - should return uncompressed content
curl -i http://localhost:8080/app.js

# Auto-generated cache files are stored under:
# os.cache_dir()/veb/static_compression/

# Test manual pre-compression - style.css.zst is served directly (zero-copy)
curl -H "Accept-Encoding: zstd" -i http://localhost:8080/style.css

Performance tips:

For production, you can pre-compress your static files with zstd (zstd -k static/app.js) or gzip (gzip -k static/app.js) and veb will serve them directly without loading into memory.
Zstd offers better compression ratio and speed than gzip - use it when possible.

Priority order: When both .zst and .gz files exist for the same source file, veb will serve .zst if the client supports zstd, otherwise .gz if gzip is supported.

The lazy cache is created on first request, so the first visitor pays a small compression cost, but all subsequent requests are served at zero-copy speed.
Auto-generated cache files live in the OS cache directory, so read-only static folders still work and your source tree stays clean.
Large files (> threshold) are always streamed, ensuring low memory usage even for large assets.
The encode_auto middleware automatically chooses zstd or gzip based on client support. You can also use encode_zstd or encode_gzip for specific compression.
If caching fails (e.g., on read-only filesystems), veb automatically falls back to serving compressed content from memory. You can set static_compression_max_size = 0 to disable auto-compression completely. For optimal performance on read-only systems, pre-compress all files with zstd -k or gzip -k.

Markdown content negotiation

veb can provide automatic content negotiation for markdown files, allowing you to serve markdown content when the client explicitly requests it via the Accept header. This is compliant to llms.txt proposal and useful for documentations that can serve the same content in multiple formats, more efficiently to AI services using it.

How it works:

When enable_markdown_negotiation is enabled and a client sends Accept: text/markdown, veb will try to serve markdown variants in the following priority order:

path.md - Direct markdown file
path.html.md - HTML-flavored markdown (for content that can be rendered as both)
path/index.html.md - Directory index in markdown format

Without the Accept: text/markdown header, files are served normally based on their actual extension. This ensures backward compatibility - direct access to .md files always works regardless of the setting.

Example:

module main

import veb

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
}

pub struct App {
	veb.StaticHandler
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}

	// Enable markdown content negotiation (disabled by default)
	app.enable_markdown_negotiation = true

	// Serve files from the 'docs' directory
	app.handle_static('docs', true)!

	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

Setup and testing:

Create test files in the docs directory:

mkdir -p docs
echo "# API Documentation" > docs/api.md
echo "# User Guide" > docs/guide.html.md
echo "<h1>HTML Version</h1>" > docs/api.html

Run the server:

v run server.v

Test content negotiation with cURL:

# Request markdown version with content negotiation - serves api.md
curl -H "Accept: text/markdown" http://localhost:8080/api

# Direct access to .md file always works, regardless of Accept header
curl http://localhost:8080/api.md

# Direct access to .html file
curl http://localhost:8080/api.html

# Without Accept: text/markdown header - returns 404 since 'api' without extension doesn't exist
curl http://localhost:8080/api

Middleware

Middleware in web development is (loosely defined) a hidden layer that sits between what a user requests (the HTTP Request) and what a user sees (the HTTP Response). We can use this middleware layer to provide "hidden" functionality to our apps endpoints.

To use veb's middleware we have to embed veb.Middleware on our app struct and provide the type of which context struct should be used.

Example:

pub struct App {
	veb.Middleware[Context]
}

Use case

We could, for example, get the cookies for an HTTP request and check if the user has already accepted our cookie policy. Let's modify our Context struct to store whether the user has accepted our policy or not.

Example:

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
pub mut:
	has_accepted_cookies bool
}

In veb middleware functions take a mut parameter with the type of your context struct and must return bool. We have full access to modify our Context struct!

Middleware handlers can also be bound methods, such as app.session_middleware. That lets middleware read or update fields on your app struct and reuse resources that live on it.

The return value indicates to veb whether it can continue or has to stop. If we send a response to the client in a middleware function veb has to stop, so we return false.

Example:

pub fn check_cookie_policy(mut ctx Context) bool {
	// get the cookie
	cookie_value := ctx.get_cookie('accepted_cookies') or { '' }
	// check if the cookie has been set
	if cookie_value == 'true' {
		ctx.has_accepted_cookies = true
	}
	// we don't send a response, so we must return true
	return true
}

We can check this value in an endpoint and return a different response.

Example:

@['/only-cookies']
pub fn (app &App) only_cookie_route(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	if ctx.has_accepted_cookies {
		return ctx.text('Welcome!')
	} else {
		return ctx.text('You must accept the cookie policy!')
	}
}

There is one thing left for our middleware to work: we have to register our only_cookie_route function as middleware for our app. We must do this after the app is created and before the app is started.

Example:

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}

	// register middleware for all routes
	app.use(handler: check_cookie_policy)

	// Pass the App and context type and start the web server on port 8080
	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

If your middleware needs access to app state or shared resources, register a bound method instead of a free function:

@[heap]
pub struct App {
	veb.Middleware[Context]
mut:
	request_count int
}

pub fn (mut app App) session_middleware(mut ctx Context) bool {
	app.request_count++
	ctx.res.header.add_custom('X-Request-Count', app.request_count.str()) or { return false }
	return true
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}
	app.use(handler: app.session_middleware)
	app.route_use('/admin/:path...', handler: app.session_middleware)
	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

Types of middleware

In the previous example we used so called "global" middleware. This type of middleware applies to every endpoint defined on our app struct; global. It is also possible to register middleware for only a certain route(s).

Example:

// register middleware only for the route '/auth'
app.route_use('/auth', handler: auth_middleware)
// register middleware only for the route '/documents/' with a parameter
// e.g. '/documents/5'
app.route_use('/documents/:id')
// register middleware with a parameter array. The middleware will be registered
// for all routes that start with '/user/' e.g. '/user/profile/update'
app.route_use('/user/:path...')
// register middleware only for selected HTTP methods on a route
app.route_use('/admin/auth', handler: auth_middleware, methods: [.get, .delete])

If methods is omitted, route middleware applies to all HTTP methods on that route.

Evaluation moment

By default, the registered middleware functions are executed before a method on your app struct is called. You can also change this behaviour to execute middleware functions after a method on your app struct is called, but before the response is sent!

Example:

pub fn modify_headers(mut ctx Context) bool {
	// add Content-Language: 'en-US' header to each response
	ctx.res.header.add(.content_language, 'en-US')
	return true
}

app.use(handler: modify_headers, after: true)

When to use which type

You could use "before" middleware to check and modify the HTTP request and you could use "after" middleware to validate the HTTP response that will be sent or do some cleanup.

Anything you can do in "before" middleware, you can do in "after" middleware.

Evaluation order

veb will handle requests in the following order:

Execute global "before" middleware
Execute "before" middleware that matches the requested route
Execute the endpoint handler on your app struct
Execute global "after" middleware
Execute "after" middleware that matches the requested route

In each step, except for step 3, veb will evaluate the middleware in the order that they are registered; when you call app.use or app.route_use.

Early exit

If any middleware sends a response (and thus must return false) veb will not execute any other middleware, or the endpoint method, and immediately send the response.

Example:

pub fn early_exit(mut ctx Context) bool {
	ctx.text('early exit')
	// we send a response from middleware, so we have to return false
	return false
}

pub fn logger(mut ctx Context) bool {
	println('received request for "${ctx.req.url}"')
	return true
}

app.use(handler: early_exit)
app.use(handler: logger)

Because we register early_exit before logger our logging middleware will never be executed!

Controllers

Controllers can be used to split up your app logic so you are able to have one struct per "route group". E.g. a struct Admin for urls starting with '/admin' and a struct Foo for urls starting with '/foo'.

To use controllers we have to embed veb.Controller on our app struct and when we register a controller we also have to specify what the type of the context struct will be. That means that it is possible to have a different context struct for each controller and the main app struct.

Example:

module main

import veb

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
}

pub struct App {
	veb.Controller
}

// this endpoint will be available at '/'
pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('from app')
}

pub struct Admin {}

// this endpoint will be available at '/admin/'
pub fn (app &Admin) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('from admin')
}

pub struct Foo {}

// this endpoint will be available at '/foo/'
pub fn (app &Foo) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('from foo')
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}

	// register the controllers the same way as how we start a veb app
	mut admin_app := &Admin{}
	app.register_controller[Admin, Context]('/admin', mut admin_app)!

	mut foo_app := &Foo{}
	app.register_controller[Foo, Context]('/foo', mut foo_app)!

	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

You can do everything with a controller struct as with a regular App struct. Register middleware, add static files and you can even register other controllers! Static assets registered on either the main app or a controller keep working when controllers are mounted, including controllers mounted at '/'.

Routing

Any route inside a controller struct is treated as a relative route to its controller namespace.

@['/path']
pub fn (app &Admin) path(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
    return ctx.text('Admin')
}

When we registered the controller with app.register_controller[Admin, Context]('/admin', mut admin_app)! we told veb that the namespace of that controller is '/admin' so in this example we would see the text "Admin" if we navigate to the url '/admin/path'.

veb doesn't support duplicate routes, so if we add the following route to the example the code will produce an error.

@['/admin/path']
pub fn (app &App) admin_path(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
    return ctx.text('Admin overwrite')
}

There will be an error, because the controller Admin handles all routes starting with '/admin': the endpoint admin_path is unreachable.

Controller with hostname

You can also set a host for a controller. All requests coming to that host will be handled by the controller.

Example:

struct Example {}

// You can only access this route at example.com: http://example.com/
pub fn (app &Example) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('Example')
}

mut example_app := &Example{}
// set the controllers hostname to 'example.com' and handle all routes starting with '/',
// we handle requests with any route to 'example.com'
app.register_controller[Example, Context]('example.com', '/', mut example_app)!

Context Methods

veb has a number of utility methods that make it easier to handle requests and send responses. These methods are available on veb.Context and directly on your own context struct if you embed veb.Context. Below are some of the most used methods, look at the standard library documentation to see them all.

Request methods

You can directly access the HTTP request on the .req field.

Get request headers

Example:

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	content_length := ctx.get_header(.content_length) or { '0' }
	// get custom header
	custom_header := ctx.get_custom_header('X-HEADER') or { '' }
	// ...
}

Get a cookie

Example:

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	cookie_val := ctx.get_cookie('token') or { '' }
	// ...
}

Response methods

You can directly modify the HTTP response by changing the res field, which is of the type http.Response.

Send response with different MIME types

// send response HTTP_OK with content-type `text/html`
ctx.html('<h1>Hello world!</h1>')
// send response HTTP_OK with content-type `text/plain`
ctx.text('Hello world!')
// stringify the object and send response HTTP_OK with content-type `application/json`
ctx.json(User{
	name: 'test'
	age: 20
})
// send response HTTP_NO_CONTENT (204) without a content-type and body
ctx.no_content()

Sending files

Example:

pub fn (app &App) file_response(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	// send the file 'image.png' in folder 'data' to the user
	return ctx.file('data/image.png')
}

Set response headers

Example:

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	ctx.set_header(.accept, 'text/html')
	// set custom header
	ctx.set_custom_header('X-HEADER', 'my-value')!
	// ...
}

Set a cookie

Example:

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	ctx.set_cookie(http.Cookie{
		name: 'token'
		value: 'true'
		path: '/'
		secure: true
		http_only: true
	})
	// ...
}

Redirect

You must pass the type of redirect to veb:

moved_permanently HTTP code 301
found HTTP code 302
see_other HTTP code 303
temporary_redirect HTTP code 307
permanent_redirect HTTP code 308

Common use cases:

If you want to change the request method, for example when you receive a post request and want to redirect to another page via a GET request, you should use see_other. If you want the HTTP method to stay the same, you should use found generally speaking.

Example:

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	token := ctx.get_cookie('token') or { '' }
	if token == '' {
		// redirect the user to '/login' if the 'token' cookie is not set
		// we explicitly tell the browser to send a GET request
		return ctx.redirect('/login', typ: .see_other)
	} else {
		return ctx.text('Welcome!')
	}
}

Sending error responses

Example:

pub fn (app &App) login(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	if username := ctx.form['username'] {
		return ctx.text('Hello "${username}"')
	} else {
		// send an HTTP 400 Bad Request response with a message
		return ctx.request_error('missing form value "username"')
	}
}

You can also use ctx.server_error(msg string) to send an HTTP 500 internal server error with a message.

Advanced usage

If you need more control over the TCP connection with a client, for example when you want to keep the connection open. You can call ctx.takeover_conn.

When this function is called you are free to do anything you want with the TCP connection and veb will not interfere. This means that we are responsible for sending a response over the connection and closing it.

Empty Result

Sometimes you want to send the response in another thread, for example when using Server Sent Events. When you are sure that a response will be sent over the TCP connection you can return veb.no_result(). This function does nothing and returns an empty veb.Result struct, letting veb know that we sent a response ourselves.

Note: It is important to call ctx.takeover_conn before you spawn a thread

Example:

module main

import net
import time
import veb

pub struct Context {
	veb.Context
}

pub struct App {}

pub fn (app &App) index(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	return ctx.text('hello!')
}

@['/long']
pub fn (app &App) long_response(mut ctx Context) veb.Result {
	// let veb know that the connection should not be closed
	ctx.takeover_conn()
	// use spawn to handle the connection in another thread
	// if we don't the whole web server will block for 10 seconds,
	// since veb is singlethreaded
	spawn handle_connection(mut ctx.conn)
	// we will send a custom response ourselves, so we can safely return an empty result
	return veb.no_result()
}

fn handle_connection(mut conn net.TcpConn) {
	defer {
		conn.close() or {}
	}
	// block for 10 second
	time.sleep(time.second * 10)
	conn.write_string('HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-type: text/html\r\nContent-length: 15\r\n\r\nHello takeover!') or {}
}

fn main() {
	mut app := &App{}
	veb.run[App, Context](mut app, 8080)
}

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README.md

veb - the V Web Server

Features

Quick Start

Deploying veb apps

Getting Started

Parallel picoev workers

Request-scoped allocation with -prealloc

HTTPS

Graceful shutdown

Defining endpoints

HTTP verbs

Routes with Parameters

Routes with Parameter Arrays

Query, Form and Files

Host

Route Matching Order

Custom not found page

Static files and website

Mounting folders at specific locations

Adding a single static asset

Dealing with MIME types

Compression for static files (zstd/gzip)

Markdown content negotiation

Middleware

Use case

Types of middleware

Evaluation moment

When to use which type

Evaluation order

Early exit

Controllers

Routing

Controller with hostname

Context Methods

Request methods

Get request headers

Get a cookie

Response methods

Send response with different MIME types

Sending files

Set response headers

Set a cookie

Redirect

Sending error responses

Advanced usage

Empty Result

Request-scoped allocation with `-prealloc`