False-positive InvalidTemplateParam with @template-covariant T when a callable parameter accepts T

[Shira-3749]

When a class defines @template-covariant T and one of the methods has a callable parameter which accepts T as an argument, I'm getting an InvalidTemplateParam error:

https://psalm.dev/r/2eb66f01fe

I'm not sure the error is valid in this case. (And it seems to work fine otherwise.)

PHPStan doesn't seem to mind this: https://phpstan.org/r/ac9be5aa-4437-40c3-b55d-3ffaa236cb67
But will also error when it's an actual issue: https://phpstan.org/r/96d33c99-1ff7-4541-b024-c8cfaea34e30

I've also tried it in C# (as a language with native generics support) and it seems to allow this as well:

public interface IExample<out T>
{
    public void call(Action<T> callback);
}

(out is equivalent to @template-covariant here)

[psalm-github-bot]

I found these snippets:

https://psalm.dev/r/2eb66f01fe

<?php

/**
 * @template-covariant T
 */
class Example
{
    /**
     * @param T $value
     */
    function __construct(private mixed $value)
    {}
    
    /**
     * @param callable(T):void $callback 
     */
    function call(callable $callback): void
    {
    	$callback($this->value);
    }
}

Psalm output (using commit ef3b018):

ERROR: InvalidTemplateParam - 15:15 - Template param T of Example is marked covariant and cannot be used here

https://psalm.dev/r/3ebad94817

<?php

/**
 * @template-covariant T
 */
class Example
{
    /**
     * @param T $value
     */
    function __construct(private mixed $value)
    {}
    
    /**
     * @psalm-suppress InvalidTemplateParam
     * @param callable(T):void $callback 
     */
    function call(callable $callback): void
    {
    	$callback($this->value);
    }
}

class Animal {}
class Cat extends Animal {}
class Dog extends Animal {}

/** @psalm-suppress UnusedClosureParam */
function exampleWithObjects(): void
{
    $example = new Example(new Cat());
    
    $example->call(function (Animal $animal) {});
    $example->call(function (Cat $animal) {});
    $example->call(function (Dog $animal) {}); // OK (expected error)
}

/**
 * @param Cat[] $cats
 * @param callable(Animal[]):void $takesAnimals
 * @param callable(Cat[]):void $takesCats
 * @param callable(Dog[]):void $takesDogs
 */
function exampleWithArrays(
    array $cats,
    callable $takesAnimals,
    callable $takesCats,
    callable $takesDogs,
): void {
    $example = new Example($cats);
    
    $example->call($takesAnimals);
    $example->call($takesCats);
    $example->call($takesDogs); // OK (expected error)
}


/**
 * @param \ArrayObject<int, Cat> $cats
 * @param callable(\ArrayObject<int, Animal>):void $takesAnimals
 * @param callable(\ArrayObject<int, Cat>):void $takesCats
 * @param callable(\ArrayObject<int, Dog>):void $takesDogs
 */
function exampleWithArrayObjects(
    \ArrayObject $cats,
    callable $takesAnimals,
    callable $takesCats,
    callable $takesDogs,
): void {
    $example = new Example($cats);
    
    $example->call($takesAnimals); // OK (expected error)
    $example->call($takesCats);
    $example->call($takesDogs);  // OK (expected error)
}

Psalm output (using commit ef3b018):

ERROR: InvalidArgument - 35:20 - Argument 1 of Example::call expects callable(Cat):void, but pure-Closure(Dog):void provided

ERROR: InvalidArgument - 54:20 - Argument 1 of Example::call expects callable(array<array-key, Cat>):void, but callable(array<array-key, Dog>):void provided

ERROR: InvalidArgument - 72:20 - Argument 1 of Example::call expects callable(ArrayObject<int, Cat>):void, but callable(ArrayObject<int, Animal>):void provided

ERROR: InvalidArgument - 74:20 - Argument 1 of Example::call expects callable(ArrayObject<int, Cat>):void, but callable(ArrayObject<int, Dog>):void provided

[weirdan]

Note to future me: callable(T):void should be valid in this context, but callable():T shouldn't.

[vkurdin]

It would be awesome if Psalm supported this Scala machinery on callables and variance: https://scastie.scala-lang.org/ZbzouFbvRHGPSwwB8OrNoA
+A stands for @template-covariant A
-A is @template-contravariant A
Unit is void
A => Boolean is callable(A): bool
(A => Boolean) => Boolean is callable(callable(A): bool): bool