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grammar_structure_convention.dita
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grammar_structure_convention.dita
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE topic PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Topic//EN" "topic.dtd">
<topic id="topic_a1h_qjb_lt">
<title>Structural signs and conventions</title>
<body>
<p>Structural signs are used to denote the morphological properties of a lexical entry and
changes caused by the inflection of words in the text.</p>
<p><b>Structural Signs</b></p>
<p>
<table id="table_zl2_wjb_lt">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="newCol1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col1" colwidth="2.03*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><b>Structural Signs</b></entry>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>space</entry>
<entry>All words, including suffix pronouns, are separated by space</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>:</entry>
<entry>Prefixes, e.g. <i>j:jri̯ =f</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>=</entry>
<entry>Suffix-pronouns, e.g. <i>pr =f</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>.</entry>
<entry>Endings (morph.), e.g. <i>rmṯ.w</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>,</entry>
<entry>Endings (word formation), e.g. <i>nb,t</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>!</entry>
<entry>Stem modification, e.g. <i>gmm! =f</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>Linking compound words, e.g. <i>ḥm-nṯr</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>~</entry>
<entry>syllabic writings, e.g. <i>g</i>ꜣ<i>~w</i>ꜣ<i>~š</i>ꜣ</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>verse point</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>reconstructed verse point</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>*</entry>
<entry>transliteration of cipher script (demotic), e.g. <i>*mseh*</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>;</entry>
<entry>phonetic complements (demotic), e.g. <i>nḫt;ṱ</i></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</p><p/>
<p><b>Prefixes</b></p>
<p>Only morphological prefixes are allowed to be marked by the structure sign (“:”). Do not mark
any prefix that is inherent to that word's formation.</p>
<p>
<table id="table_vjs_zjb_lt">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><b>Examples</b></entry>
<entry> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Morphology: </entry>
<entry> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>correct: <i>j:jri̯ =f</i></entry>
<entry>incorrect: <i>jjri̯ =f</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Word Formation: </entry>
<entry> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>correct: <i>smn</i> (to make firm)</entry>
<entry>incorrect: <i>s:mn</i></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</p><p/>
<p><b>Suffixes</b></p>
<p>Suffixes are to be marked consistently by “=”. Note the space between a word and “=”.
Lexically bound suffixes are also to be marked by “=”, but to show that the suffix is included
in the word (e.g. in personal names), do not enter a space before the "=".</p>
<p>
<table id="table_lfm_bkb_lt">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry namest="col1" nameend="col2"><b>Examples</b></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry namest="col1" nameend="col2">Morphological suffixes:</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>correct: <i>sḏm =f</i></entry>
<entry>incorrect: <i>sḏm=f</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Lexically bound suffixes:</entry>
<entry> </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>correct: <i>Ḫpr-ḏs=f</i></entry>
<entry>incorrect: <i>Ḫpr-ḏs =f</i></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</p><p/>
<p><b>Endings</b></p>
<p>Morphological endings are marked by a dot “.” (e.g. numerus endings, inflective infix/affix),
and the endings of word formations by a comma “,” (e.g. feminine ending). The endings of
proper names have to be written at the end of the full name, regardless of whether a name
consists of compound words and/or suffixes. </p>
<p>NOTE: The feminine ending <i>.t</i> is marked by a comma (",") if the word is noun. The
endings of adjectives are treated as morphological endings and are thus marked by a dot ("."),
e.g. <i>nb,t nfr.t</i>.</p>
<table id="table_lkz_dkb_lt">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry namest="col1" nameend="col2"><b>Examples</b></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Morphology: </entry>
<entry><i>rmṯ.w</i> (men)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><i>jr.tj.du</i> (both eyes)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><i>sḏm.n =f</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><i>sḏm.ḫr =f</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Word Formation:</entry>
<entry><i>nb,t</i> (lady)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><i>mn,w</i> (monument)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Proper Name: </entry>
<entry><i>Jni̯-jt(j)=f,j</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><i>Ḫpr-ḏs=f</i> (he who came into being of himself) </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<p/>
<p><b>Notation of Plural and Dual</b></p>
<p>Plural and dual endings are morphological endings and are thus marked by a dot (".").
Phonetically written plural endings are transliterated as "<i>.w</i>", "<i>.wj</i>",
"<i>.wt</i>", and "<i>.tj</i>". Strokes and other ideographic writings of number are
represented by either ".pl" or ".du". Both types can be used together, e.g. ".w.pl." or
".tj.du".</p>
<p>Dots and commas can be combined if both morphological and inflectional endings appear in one
word, e.g.:</p>
<p>
<ul id="ul_d5t_mvt_mx">
<li><i>nh,t</i> - "sycamore" (sg.)</li>
<li><i>nh.w,t</i> (pl. phonetic)</li>
<li><i>nh,t.pl</i> (pl. ideographic)</li>
<li><i>nh.w,t.pl</i> (pl. phonetic + ideographic)</li>
<li><i>jm,j-rʾ-ḥm,pl-nṯr</i> (title, sg.)</li>
<li><i>jm,j<b>.pl</b>-rʾ-ḥm,pl-nṯr</i> (title, pl.)</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>Strokes and other ideographic writing are only represented by .pl and .du, if they mark
"real" plurals or duals. Pluralisation written in collectives are treated as determinatives
and are thus not transliterated, e.g.:</p>
<p>
<ul id="ul_sg5_pwt_mx">
<li><i>mnmn,t</i> - "cattle"</li>
<li><i>nfr(,w)</i> - "beauty"</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p/>
<p><b>Stem Modification</b></p>
<p>Stem modification (e.g. gemination) is marked with "!".</p>
<p>
<table id="table_lsj_gkb_lt">
<tgroup cols="1">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><b>Examples</b></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>gmm! =f (gmi̯)</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>wn! =f (wnn)</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>m</i>ꜣ<i>n! =f</i></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</p><p/>
<p><b>Compound Words</b></p>
<p>Compound words are written with hyphen (-)</p>
<p>
<table id="table_gvd_3kb_lt">
<tgroup cols="1">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><b>Examples</b></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>m-ẖnw</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>m-ḫt</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>ḥr-tp</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>Wnn-nfr</i></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>ḥm-nṯr-Jmn</i></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Proper Names</b></p>
<p>Proper names are written with an initial capital letter, which includes when they appear
within a compound word.</p>
<p>
<table frame="all" rowsep="1" colsep="1" id="table_nh2_l2n_fx">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><b>Examples</b></entry>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>Jni̯-jt(j)=f,j</i></entry>
<entry>personal name</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>Ḥr,w</i>
</entry>
<entry>name of a god</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>ḥm-nṯr-Jmn</i></entry>
<entry>a title</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>ḥ</i>ꜣ<i>.tj-</i>ꜥ<i>-n-Nḫb</i></entry>
<entry>a title</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><i>Jwn,w</i></entry>
<entry>name of a place</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</p>
<p/>
<p><b>Cartouches, Serekhs etc.</b></p>
<p>Cartouches "𓍹 ... 𓍺", Serekhs "𓉘 ... 𓊂", and enclosures of places names "𓊆 ... 𓊇" etc.
are treated as determinatives and are represented not in the transliteration but in the
hieroglyphic encoding (see <xref href="howto_specialsigns.dita"/>).</p>
<p/>
<p><b>Verse Points</b></p>
<p>Verse points are represented in the transliteration (not hieroglyphic encoding) with the
appropriate signs (see <xref href="intro_keyboard.dita"/>). There has to be a space before and
after the verse point. </p>
<p>
<ul id="ul_zfv_sy5_mx">
<li> - preserved verse point</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<ul id="ul_obf_ty5_mx">
<li> - reconstructed verse point </li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<ul id="ul_jtj_ty5_mx">
<li>{} - verse point deleted by the editor</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p/>
</body>
</topic>