glossary.po

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#: ../../glossary.rst:5
msgid "Glossary"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:10
msgid "``>>>``"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:12
msgid ""
"The default Python prompt of the :term:`interactive` shell.  Often seen "
"for code examples which can be executed interactively in the interpreter."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:15
msgid "``...``"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:17
msgid "Can refer to:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:19
msgid ""
"The default Python prompt of the :term:`interactive` shell when entering "
"the code for an indented code block, when within a pair of matching left "
"and right delimiters (parentheses, square brackets, curly braces or "
"triple quotes), or after specifying a decorator."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:26
msgid "The three dots form of the :ref:`Ellipsis <bltin-ellipsis-object>` object."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:27
msgid "abstract base class"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:29
msgid ""
"Abstract base classes complement :term:`duck-typing` by providing a way "
"to define interfaces when other techniques like :func:`hasattr` would be "
"clumsy or subtly wrong (for example with :ref:`magic methods <special-"
"lookup>`).  ABCs introduce virtual subclasses, which are classes that "
"don't inherit from a class but are still recognized by :func:`isinstance`"
" and :func:`issubclass`; see the :mod:`abc` module documentation.  Python"
" comes with many built-in ABCs for data structures (in the "
":mod:`collections.abc` module), numbers (in the :mod:`numbers` module), "
"streams (in the :mod:`io` module), import finders and loaders (in the "
":mod:`importlib.abc` module).  You can create your own ABCs with the "
":mod:`abc` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:40
msgid "annotate function"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:42
msgid ""
"A function that can be called to retrieve the :term:`annotations "
"<annotation>` of an object. This function is accessible as the "
":attr:`~object.__annotate__` attribute of functions, classes, and "
"modules. Annotate functions are a subset of :term:`evaluate functions "
"<evaluate function>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:46
msgid "annotation"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:48
msgid ""
"A label associated with a variable, a class attribute or a function "
"parameter or return value, used by convention as a :term:`type hint`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:52
msgid ""
"Annotations of local variables cannot be accessed at runtime, but "
"annotations of global variables, class attributes, and functions can be "
"retrieved by calling :func:`annotationlib.get_annotations` on modules, "
"classes, and functions, respectively."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:57
msgid ""
"See :term:`variable annotation`, :term:`function annotation`, :pep:`484`,"
" :pep:`526`, and :pep:`649`, which describe this functionality. Also see "
":ref:`annotations-howto` for best practices on working with annotations."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:61
msgid "argument"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:63
msgid ""
"A value passed to a :term:`function` (or :term:`method`) when calling the"
" function.  There are two kinds of argument:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:66
msgid ""
":dfn:`keyword argument`: an argument preceded by an identifier (e.g. "
"``name=``) in a function call or passed as a value in a dictionary "
"preceded by ``**``.  For example, ``3`` and ``5`` are both keyword "
"arguments in the following calls to :func:`complex`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:71
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"complex(real=3, imag=5)\n"
"complex(**{'real': 3, 'imag': 5})"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:74
msgid ""
":dfn:`positional argument`: an argument that is not a keyword argument. "
"Positional arguments can appear at the beginning of an argument list "
"and/or be passed as elements of an :term:`iterable` preceded by ``*``. "
"For example, ``3`` and ``5`` are both positional arguments in the "
"following calls::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:80
msgid ""
"complex(3, 5)\n"
"complex(*(3, 5))"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:83
msgid ""
"Arguments are assigned to the named local variables in a function body. "
"See the :ref:`calls` section for the rules governing this assignment. "
"Syntactically, any expression can be used to represent an argument; the "
"evaluated value is assigned to the local variable."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:88
msgid ""
"See also the :term:`parameter` glossary entry, the FAQ question on "
":ref:`the difference between arguments and parameters <faq-argument-vs-"
"parameter>`, and :pep:`362`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:91
msgid "asynchronous context manager"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:93
msgid ""
"An object which controls the environment seen in an :keyword:`async with`"
" statement by defining :meth:`~object.__aenter__` and "
":meth:`~object.__aexit__` methods.  Introduced by :pep:`492`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:96
msgid "asynchronous generator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:98
msgid ""
"A function which returns an :term:`asynchronous generator iterator`.  It "
"looks like a coroutine function defined with :keyword:`async def` except "
"that it contains :keyword:`yield` expressions for producing a series of "
"values usable in an :keyword:`async for` loop."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:103
msgid ""
"Usually refers to an asynchronous generator function, but may refer to an"
" *asynchronous generator iterator* in some contexts.  In cases where the "
"intended meaning isn't clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:107
msgid ""
"An asynchronous generator function may contain :keyword:`await` "
"expressions as well as :keyword:`async for`, and :keyword:`async with` "
"statements."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:110
msgid "asynchronous generator iterator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:112
msgid "An object created by an :term:`asynchronous generator` function."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:114
msgid ""
"This is an :term:`asynchronous iterator` which when called using the "
":meth:`~object.__anext__` method returns an awaitable object which will "
"execute the body of the asynchronous generator function until the next "
":keyword:`yield` expression."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:119
msgid ""
"Each :keyword:`yield` temporarily suspends processing, remembering the "
"execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements).  "
"When the *asynchronous generator iterator* effectively resumes with "
"another awaitable returned by :meth:`~object.__anext__`, it picks up "
"where it left off.  See :pep:`492` and :pep:`525`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:124
msgid "asynchronous iterable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:126
msgid ""
"An object, that can be used in an :keyword:`async for` statement. Must "
"return an :term:`asynchronous iterator` from its "
":meth:`~object.__aiter__` method.  Introduced by :pep:`492`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:129
msgid "asynchronous iterator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:131
msgid ""
"An object that implements the :meth:`~object.__aiter__` and "
":meth:`~object.__anext__` methods.  :meth:`~object.__anext__` must return"
" an :term:`awaitable` object. :keyword:`async for` resolves the "
"awaitables returned by an asynchronous iterator's "
":meth:`~object.__anext__` method until it raises a "
":exc:`StopAsyncIteration` exception.  Introduced by :pep:`492`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:136
msgid "atomic operation"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:138
msgid ""
"An operation that appears to execute as a single, indivisible step: no "
"other thread can observe it half-done, and its effects become visible all"
" at once.  Python does not guarantee that high-level statements are "
"atomic (for example, ``x += 1`` performs multiple bytecode operations and"
" is not atomic).  Atomicity is only guaranteed where explicitly "
"documented.  See also :term:`race condition` and :term:`data race`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:144
msgid "attached thread state"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:147
msgid "A :term:`thread state` that is active for the current OS thread."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:149
msgid ""
"When a :term:`thread state` is attached, the OS thread has access to the "
"full Python C API and can safely invoke the bytecode interpreter."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:153
msgid ""
"Unless a function explicitly notes otherwise, attempting to call the C "
"API without an attached thread state will result in a fatal error or "
"undefined behavior.  A thread state can be attached and detached "
"explicitly by the user through the C API, or implicitly by the runtime, "
"including during blocking C calls and by the bytecode interpreter in "
"between calls."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:160
msgid ""
"On most builds of Python, having an attached thread state implies that "
"the caller holds the :term:`GIL` for the current interpreter, so only one"
" OS thread can have an attached thread state at a given moment. In :term"
":`free-threaded builds <free-threaded build>` of Python, threads can "
"concurrently hold an attached thread state, allowing for true parallelism"
" of the bytecode interpreter."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:166
msgid "attribute"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:168
msgid ""
"A value associated with an object which is usually referenced by name "
"using dotted expressions. For example, if an object *o* has an attribute "
"*a* it would be referenced as *o.a*."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:173
msgid ""
"It is possible to give an object an attribute whose name is not an "
"identifier as defined by :ref:`identifiers`, for example using "
":func:`setattr`, if the object allows it. Such an attribute will not be "
"accessible using a dotted expression, and would instead need to be "
"retrieved with :func:`getattr`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:178
msgid "awaitable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:180
msgid ""
"An object that can be used in an :keyword:`await` expression.  Can be a "
":term:`coroutine` or an object with an :meth:`~object.__await__` method. "
"See also :pep:`492`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:183
msgid "BDFL"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:185
msgid ""
"Benevolent Dictator For Life, a.k.a. `Guido van Rossum "
"<https://gvanrossum.github.io/>`_, Python's creator."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:187
msgid "binary file"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:189
msgid ""
"A :term:`file object` able to read and write :term:`bytes-like objects "
"<bytes-like object>`. Examples of binary files are files opened in binary"
" mode (``'rb'``, ``'wb'`` or ``'rb+'``), :data:`sys.stdin.buffer "
"<sys.stdin>`, :data:`sys.stdout.buffer <sys.stdout>`, and instances of "
":class:`io.BytesIO` and :class:`gzip.GzipFile`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:196
msgid ""
"See also :term:`text file` for a file object able to read and write "
":class:`str` objects."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:198
msgid "borrowed reference"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:200
msgid ""
"In Python's C API, a borrowed reference is a reference to an object, "
"where the code using the object does not own the reference. It becomes a "
"dangling pointer if the object is destroyed. For example, a garbage "
"collection can remove the last :term:`strong reference` to the object and"
" so destroy it."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:206
msgid ""
"Calling :c:func:`Py_INCREF` on the :term:`borrowed reference` is "
"recommended to convert it to a :term:`strong reference` in-place, except "
"when the object cannot be destroyed before the last usage of the borrowed"
" reference. The :c:func:`Py_NewRef` function can be used to create a new "
":term:`strong reference`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:211
msgid "bytes-like object"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:213
msgid ""
"An object that supports the :ref:`bufferobjects` and can export a "
"C-:term:`contiguous` buffer. This includes all :class:`bytes`, "
":class:`bytearray`, and :class:`array.array` objects, as well as many "
"common :class:`memoryview` objects.  Bytes-like objects can be used for "
"various operations that work with binary data; these include compression,"
" saving to a binary file, and sending over a socket."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:220
msgid ""
"Some operations need the binary data to be mutable.  The documentation "
"often refers to these as \"read-write bytes-like objects\".  Example "
"mutable buffer objects include :class:`bytearray` and a "
":class:`memoryview` of a :class:`bytearray`. Other operations require the"
" binary data to be stored in immutable objects (\"read-only bytes-like "
"objects\"); examples of these include :class:`bytes` and a "
":class:`memoryview` of a :class:`bytes` object."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:228
msgid "bytecode"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:230
msgid ""
"Python source code is compiled into bytecode, the internal representation"
" of a Python program in the CPython interpreter.  The bytecode is also "
"cached in ``.pyc`` files so that executing the same file is faster the "
"second time (recompilation from source to bytecode can be avoided).  This"
" \"intermediate language\" is said to run on a :term:`virtual machine` "
"that executes the machine code corresponding to each bytecode. Do note "
"that bytecodes are not expected to work between different Python virtual "
"machines, nor to be stable between Python releases."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:240
msgid ""
"A list of bytecode instructions can be found in the documentation for "
":ref:`the dis module <bytecodes>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:242
msgid "callable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:244
msgid ""
"A callable is an object that can be called, possibly with a set of "
"arguments (see :term:`argument`), with the following syntax::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:247
msgid "callable(argument1, argument2, argumentN)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:249
msgid ""
"A :term:`function`, and by extension a :term:`method`, is a callable. An "
"instance of a class that implements the :meth:`~object.__call__` method "
"is also a callable."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:252
msgid "callback"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:254
msgid ""
"A subroutine function which is passed as an argument to be executed at "
"some point in the future."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:256
msgid "class"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:258
msgid ""
"A template for creating user-defined objects. Class definitions normally "
"contain method definitions which operate on instances of the class."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:261
msgid "class variable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:263
msgid ""
"A variable defined in a class and intended to be modified only at class "
"level (i.e., not in an instance of the class)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:265
msgid "closure variable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:267
msgid ""
"A :term:`free variable` referenced from a :term:`nested scope` that is "
"defined in an outer scope rather than being resolved at runtime from the "
"globals or builtin namespaces. May be explicitly defined with the "
":keyword:`nonlocal` keyword to allow write access, or implicitly defined "
"if the variable is only being read."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:272
msgid ""
"For example, in the ``inner`` function in the following code, both ``x`` "
"and ``print`` are :term:`free variables <free variable>`, but only ``x`` "
"is a *closure variable*::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:275
msgid ""
"def outer():\n"
"    x = 0\n"
"    def inner():\n"
"        nonlocal x\n"
"        x += 1\n"
"        print(x)\n"
"    return inner"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:283
msgid ""
"Due to the :attr:`codeobject.co_freevars` attribute (which, despite its "
"name, only includes the names of closure variables rather than listing "
"all referenced free variables), the more general :term:`free variable` "
"term is sometimes used even when the intended meaning is to refer "
"specifically to closure variables."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:287
msgid "complex number"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:289
msgid ""
"An extension of the familiar real number system in which all numbers are "
"expressed as a sum of a real part and an imaginary part.  Imaginary "
"numbers are real multiples of the imaginary unit (the square root of "
"``-1``), often written ``i`` in mathematics or ``j`` in engineering.  "
"Python has built-in support for complex numbers, which are written with "
"this latter notation; the imaginary part is written with a ``j`` suffix, "
"e.g., ``3+1j``.  To get access to complex equivalents of the :mod:`math` "
"module, use :mod:`cmath`.  Use of complex numbers is a fairly advanced "
"mathematical feature.  If you're not aware of a need for them, it's "
"almost certain you can safely ignore them."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:299
msgid "concurrency"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:301
msgid ""
"The ability of a computer program to perform multiple tasks at the same "
"time.  Python provides libraries for writing programs that make use of "
"different forms of concurrency.  :mod:`asyncio` is a library for dealing "
"with asynchronous tasks and coroutines.  :mod:`threading` provides access"
" to operating system threads and :mod:`multiprocessing` to operating "
"system processes. Multi-core processors can execute threads and processes"
" on different CPU cores at the same time (see :term:`parallelism`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:309
msgid "concurrent modification"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:311
msgid ""
"When multiple threads modify shared data at the same time.  Concurrent "
"modification without proper synchronization can cause :term:`race "
"conditions <race condition>`, and might also trigger a :term:`data race "
"<data race>`, data corruption, or both."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:315
msgid "context"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:317
msgid ""
"This term has different meanings depending on where and how it is used. "
"Some common meanings:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:320
msgid ""
"The temporary state or environment established by a :term:`context "
"manager` via a :keyword:`with` statement."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:322
msgid ""
"The collection of key­value bindings associated with a particular "
":class:`contextvars.Context` object and accessed via "
":class:`~contextvars.ContextVar` objects.  Also see :term:`context "
"variable`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:326
msgid "A :class:`contextvars.Context` object.  Also see :term:`current context`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:328
msgid "context management protocol"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:330
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~object.__enter__` and :meth:`~object.__exit__` methods called"
" by the :keyword:`with` statement.  See :pep:`343`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:332
msgid "context manager"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:334
msgid ""
"An object which implements the :term:`context management protocol` and "
"controls the environment seen in a :keyword:`with` statement.  See "
":pep:`343`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:337
msgid "context variable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:339
msgid ""
"A variable whose value depends on which context is the :term:`current "
"context`.  Values are accessed via :class:`contextvars.ContextVar` "
"objects.  Context variables are primarily used to isolate state between "
"concurrent asynchronous tasks."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:343
msgid "contiguous"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:347
msgid ""
"A buffer is considered contiguous exactly if it is either *C-contiguous* "
"or *Fortran contiguous*.  Zero-dimensional buffers are C and Fortran "
"contiguous.  In one-dimensional arrays, the items must be laid out in "
"memory next to each other, in order of increasing indexes starting from "
"zero.  In multidimensional C-contiguous arrays, the last index varies the"
" fastest when visiting items in order of memory address.  However, in "
"Fortran contiguous arrays, the first index varies the fastest."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:355
msgid "coroutine"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:357
msgid ""
"Coroutines are a more generalized form of subroutines. Subroutines are "
"entered at one point and exited at another point.  Coroutines can be "
"entered, exited, and resumed at many different points.  They can be "
"implemented with the :keyword:`async def` statement.  See also "
":pep:`492`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:362
msgid "coroutine function"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:364
msgid ""
"A function which returns a :term:`coroutine` object.  A coroutine "
"function may be defined with the :keyword:`async def` statement, and may "
"contain :keyword:`await`, :keyword:`async for`, and :keyword:`async with`"
" keywords.  These were introduced by :pep:`492`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:369
msgid "CPython"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:371
msgid ""
"The canonical implementation of the Python programming language, as "
"distributed on `python.org <https://www.python.org>`_.  The term "
"\"CPython\" is used when necessary to distinguish this implementation "
"from others such as Jython or IronPython."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:375
msgid "current context"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:377
msgid ""
"The :term:`context` (:class:`contextvars.Context` object) that is "
"currently used by :class:`~contextvars.ContextVar` objects to access (get"
" or set) the values of :term:`context variables <context variable>`.  "
"Each thread has its own current context.  Frameworks for executing "
"asynchronous tasks (see :mod:`asyncio`) associate each task with a "
"context which becomes the current context whenever the task starts or "
"resumes execution."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:383
msgid "cyclic isolate"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:385
msgid ""
"A subgroup of one or more objects that reference each other in a "
"reference cycle, but are not referenced by objects outside the group.  "
"The goal of the :term:`cyclic garbage collector <garbage collection>` is "
"to identify these groups and break the reference cycles so that the "
"memory can be reclaimed."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:389
msgid "data race"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:391
msgid ""
"A situation where multiple threads access the same memory location "
"concurrently, at least one of the accesses is a write, and the threads do"
" not use any synchronization to control their access.  Data races lead to"
" :term:`non-deterministic` behavior and can cause data corruption. Proper"
" use of :term:`locks <lock>` and other :term:`synchronization primitives "
"<synchronization primitive>` prevents data races.  Note that data races "
"can only happen in native code, but that :term:`native code` might be "
"exposed in a Python API.  See also :term:`race condition` and :term"
":`thread-safe`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:400
msgid "deadlock"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:402
msgid ""
"A situation in which two or more tasks (threads, processes, or "
"coroutines) wait indefinitely for each other to release resources or "
"complete actions, preventing any from making progress.  For example, if "
"thread A holds lock 1 and waits for lock 2, while thread B holds lock 2 "
"and waits for lock 1, both threads will wait indefinitely.  In Python "
"this often arises from acquiring multiple locks in conflicting orders or "
"from circular join/await dependencies.  Deadlocks can be avoided by "
"always acquiring multiple :term:`locks <lock>` in a consistent order.  "
"See also :term:`lock` and :term:`reentrant`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:411
msgid "decorator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:413
msgid ""
"A function returning another function, usually applied as a function "
"transformation using the ``@wrapper`` syntax.  Common examples for "
"decorators are :func:`classmethod` and :func:`staticmethod`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:417
msgid ""
"The decorator syntax is merely syntactic sugar, the following two "
"function definitions are semantically equivalent::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:420
msgid ""
"def f(arg):\n"
"    ...\n"
"f = staticmethod(f)\n"
"\n"
"@staticmethod\n"
"def f(arg):\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:428
msgid ""
"The same concept exists for classes, but is less commonly used there.  "
"See the documentation for :ref:`function definitions <function>` and "
":ref:`class definitions <class>` for more about decorators."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:431
msgid "descriptor"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:433
msgid ""
"Any object which defines the methods :meth:`~object.__get__`, "
":meth:`~object.__set__`, or :meth:`~object.__delete__`. When a class "
"attribute is a descriptor, its special binding behavior is triggered upon"
" attribute lookup.  Normally, using *a.b* to get, set or delete an "
"attribute looks up the object named *b* in the class dictionary for *a*, "
"but if *b* is a descriptor, the respective descriptor method gets called."
"  Understanding descriptors is a key to a deep understanding of Python "
"because they are the basis for many features including functions, "
"methods, properties, class methods, static methods, and reference to "
"super classes."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:444
msgid ""
"For more information about descriptors' methods, see :ref:`descriptors` "
"or the :ref:`Descriptor How To Guide <descriptorhowto>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:446
msgid "dictionary"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:448
msgid ""
"An associative array, where arbitrary keys are mapped to values.  The "
"keys can be any object with :meth:`~object.__hash__` and "
":meth:`~object.__eq__` methods. Called a hash in Perl."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:452
msgid "dictionary comprehension"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:454
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"A compact way to process all or part of the elements in an iterable and "
"return a dictionary with the results. ``results = {n: n ** 2 for n in "
"range(10)}`` generates a dictionary containing key ``n`` mapped to value "
"``n ** 2``. See :ref:`comprehensions`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:458
msgid "dictionary view"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:460
msgid ""
"The objects returned from :meth:`dict.keys`, :meth:`dict.values`, and "
":meth:`dict.items` are called dictionary views. They provide a dynamic "
"view on the dictionary’s entries, which means that when the dictionary "
"changes, the view reflects these changes. To force the dictionary view to"
" become a full list use ``list(dictview)``.  See :ref:`dict-views`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:466
msgid "docstring"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:468
msgid ""
"A string literal which appears as the first expression in a class, "
"function or module.  While ignored when the suite is executed, it is "
"recognized by the compiler and put into the :attr:`~definition.__doc__` "
"attribute of the enclosing class, function or module.  Since it is "
"available via introspection, it is the canonical place for documentation "
"of the object."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:474
msgid "duck-typing"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:476
msgid ""
"A programming style which does not look at an object's type to determine "
"if it has the right interface; instead, the method or attribute is simply"
" called or used (\"If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it "
"must be a duck.\")  By emphasizing interfaces rather than specific types,"
" well-designed code improves its flexibility by allowing polymorphic "
"substitution.  Duck-typing avoids tests using :func:`type` or "
":func:`isinstance`.  (Note, however, that duck-typing can be complemented"
" with :term:`abstract base classes <abstract base class>`.)  Instead, it "
"typically employs :func:`hasattr` tests or :term:`EAFP` programming."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:485
msgid "dunder"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:487
msgid ""
"An informal short-hand for \"double underscore\", used when talking about"
" a :term:`special method`. For example, ``__init__`` is often pronounced "
"\"dunder init\"."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:490
msgid "EAFP"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:492
msgid ""
"Easier to ask for forgiveness than permission.  This common Python coding"
" style assumes the existence of valid keys or attributes and catches "
"exceptions if the assumption proves false.  This clean and fast style is "
"characterized by the presence of many :keyword:`try` and "
":keyword:`except` statements.  The technique contrasts with the "
":term:`LBYL` style common to many other languages such as C."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:498
msgid "evaluate function"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:500
msgid ""
"A function that can be called to evaluate a lazily evaluated attribute of"
" an object, such as the value of type aliases created with the "
":keyword:`type` statement."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:503
msgid "expression"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:505
msgid ""
"A piece of syntax which can be evaluated to some value.  In other words, "
"an expression is an accumulation of expression elements like literals, "
"names, attribute access, operators or function calls which all return a "
"value.  In contrast to many other languages, not all language constructs "
"are expressions.  There are also :term:`statement`\\s which cannot be "
"used as expressions, such as :keyword:`while`.  Assignments are also "
"statements, not expressions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:512
msgid "extension module"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:514
msgid ""
"A module written in C or C++, using Python's C API to interact with the "
"core and with user code."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:516
msgid "f-string"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:517
msgid "f-strings"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:519
msgid ""
"String literals prefixed with ``f`` or ``F`` are commonly called "
"\"f-strings\" which is short for :ref:`formatted string literals "
"<f-strings>`.  See also :pep:`498`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:522
msgid "file object"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:524
msgid ""
"An object exposing a file-oriented API (with methods such as "
":meth:`!read` or :meth:`!write`) to an underlying resource.  Depending on"
" the way it was created, a file object can mediate access to a real on-"
"disk file or to another type of storage or communication device (for "
"example standard input/output, in-memory buffers, sockets, pipes, etc.)."
"  File objects are also called :dfn:`file-like objects` or "
":dfn:`streams`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:532
msgid ""
"There are actually three categories of file objects: raw :term:`binary "
"files <binary file>`, buffered :term:`binary files <binary file>` and "
":term:`text files <text file>`. Their interfaces are defined in the "
":mod:`io` module.  The canonical way to create a file object is by using "
"the :func:`open` function."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:537
msgid "file-like object"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:539
msgid "A synonym for :term:`file object`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:540
msgid "filesystem encoding and error handler"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:542
msgid ""
"Encoding and error handler used by Python to decode bytes from the "
"operating system and encode Unicode to the operating system."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:545
msgid ""
"The filesystem encoding must guarantee to successfully decode all bytes "
"below 128. If the file system encoding fails to provide this guarantee, "
"API functions can raise :exc:`UnicodeError`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:549
msgid ""
"The :func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding` and "
":func:`sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors` functions can be used to get the "
"filesystem encoding and error handler."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:553
msgid ""
"The :term:`filesystem encoding and error handler` are configured at "
"Python startup by the :c:func:`PyConfig_Read` function: see "
":c:member:`~PyConfig.filesystem_encoding` and "
":c:member:`~PyConfig.filesystem_errors` members of :c:type:`PyConfig`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:558
msgid "See also the :term:`locale encoding`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:559
msgid "finder"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:561
msgid ""
"An object that tries to find the :term:`loader` for a module that is "
"being imported."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:564
msgid ""
"There are two types of finder: :term:`meta path finders <meta path "
"finder>` for use with :data:`sys.meta_path`, and :term:`path entry "
"finders <path entry finder>` for use with :data:`sys.path_hooks`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:568
msgid "See :ref:`finders-and-loaders` and :mod:`importlib` for much more detail."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:569
msgid "floor division"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:571
msgid ""
"Mathematical division that rounds down to nearest integer.  The floor "
"division operator is ``//``.  For example, the expression ``11 // 4`` "
"evaluates to ``2`` in contrast to the ``2.75`` returned by float true "
"division.  Note that ``(-11) // 4`` is ``-3`` because that is ``-2.75`` "
"rounded *downward*. See :pep:`238`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:576
msgid "free threading"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:578
msgid ""
"A threading model where multiple threads can run Python bytecode "
"simultaneously within the same interpreter.  This is in contrast to the "
":term:`global interpreter lock` which allows only one thread to execute "
"Python bytecode at a time.  See :pep:`703`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:582
msgid "free-threaded build"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:585
msgid ""
"A build of :term:`CPython` that supports :term:`free threading`, "
"configured using the :option:`--disable-gil` option before compilation."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:588
msgid "See :ref:`freethreading-python-howto`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:589
msgid "free variable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:591
msgid ""
"Formally, as defined in the :ref:`language execution model <bind_names>`,"
" a free variable is any variable used in a namespace which is not a local"
" variable in that namespace. See :term:`closure variable` for an example."
" Pragmatically, due to the name of the :attr:`codeobject.co_freevars` "
"attribute, the term is also sometimes used as a synonym for "
":term:`closure variable`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:596
msgid "function"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:598
msgid ""
"A series of statements which returns some value to a caller. It can also "
"be passed zero or more :term:`arguments <argument>` which may be used in "
"the execution of the body. See also :term:`parameter`, :term:`method`, "
"and the :ref:`function` section."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:602
msgid "function annotation"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:604
msgid "An :term:`annotation` of a function parameter or return value."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:606
msgid ""
"Function annotations are usually used for :term:`type hints <type hint>`:"
" for example, this function is expected to take two :class:`int` "
"arguments and is also expected to have an :class:`int` return value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:611
msgid ""
"def sum_two_numbers(a: int, b: int) -> int:\n"
"   return a + b"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:614
msgid "Function annotation syntax is explained in section :ref:`function`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:616
msgid ""
"See :term:`variable annotation` and :pep:`484`, which describe this "
"functionality. Also see :ref:`annotations-howto` for best practices on "
"working with annotations."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:620
msgid "__future__"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:622
msgid ""
"A :ref:`future statement <future>`, ``from __future__ import <feature>``,"
" directs the compiler to compile the current module using syntax or "
"semantics that will become standard in a future release of Python. The "
":mod:`__future__` module documents the possible values of *feature*.  By "
"importing this module and evaluating its variables, you can see when a "
"new feature was first added to the language and when it will (or did) "
"become the default::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:630
msgid ""
">>> import __future__\n"
">>> __future__.division\n"
"_Feature((2, 2, 0, 'alpha', 2), (3, 0, 0, 'alpha', 0), 8192)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:633
msgid "garbage collection"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:635
msgid ""
"The process of freeing memory when it is not used anymore.  Python "
"performs garbage collection via reference counting and a cyclic garbage "
"collector that is able to detect and break reference cycles.  The garbage"
" collector can be controlled using the :mod:`gc` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:640 ../../glossary.rst:641
msgid "generator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:643
msgid ""
"A function which returns a :term:`generator iterator`.  It looks like a "
"normal function except that it contains :keyword:`yield` expressions for "
"producing a series of values usable in a for-loop or that can be "
"retrieved one at a time with the :func:`next` function."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:648
msgid ""
"Usually refers to a generator function, but may refer to a *generator "
"iterator* in some contexts.  In cases where the intended meaning isn't "
"clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:651
msgid "generator iterator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:653
msgid "An object created by a :term:`generator` function."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:655
msgid ""
"Each :keyword:`yield` temporarily suspends processing, remembering the "
"execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements).  "
"When the *generator iterator* resumes, it picks up where it left off (in "
"contrast to functions which start fresh on every invocation)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:661 ../../glossary.rst:662
msgid "generator expression"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:664
msgid ""
"An :term:`expression` that returns an :term:`iterator`.  It looks like a "
"normal expression followed by a :keyword:`!for` clause defining a loop "
"variable, range, and an optional :keyword:`!if` clause.  The combined "
"expression generates values for an enclosing function::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:669
msgid ""
">>> sum(i*i for i in range(10))         # sum of squares 0, 1, 4, ... 81\n"
"285"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:671
msgid "generic function"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:673
msgid ""
"A function composed of multiple functions implementing the same operation"
" for different types. Which implementation should be used during a call "
"is determined by the dispatch algorithm."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:677
msgid ""
"See also the :term:`single dispatch` glossary entry, the "
":func:`functools.singledispatch` decorator, and :pep:`443`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:679
msgid "generic type"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:681
msgid ""
"A :term:`type` that can be parameterized; typically a :ref:`container "
"class<sequence-types>` such as :class:`list` or :class:`dict`. Used for "
":term:`type hints <type hint>` and :term:`annotations <annotation>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:686
msgid ""
"For more details, see :ref:`generic alias types<types-genericalias>`, "
":pep:`483`, :pep:`484`, :pep:`585`, and the :mod:`typing` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:688
msgid "GIL"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:690
msgid "See :term:`global interpreter lock`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:691
msgid "global interpreter lock"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:693
msgid ""
"The mechanism used by the :term:`CPython` interpreter to assure that only"
" one thread executes Python :term:`bytecode` at a time. This simplifies "
"the CPython implementation by making the object model (including critical"
" built-in types such as :class:`dict`) implicitly safe against concurrent"
" access.  Locking the entire interpreter makes it easier for the "
"interpreter to be multi-threaded, at the expense of much of the "
"parallelism afforded by multi-processor machines."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:702
msgid ""
"However, some extension modules, either standard or third-party, are "
"designed so as to release the GIL when doing computationally intensive "
"tasks such as compression or hashing.  Also, the GIL is always released "
"when doing I/O."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:707
msgid ""
"As of Python 3.13, the GIL can be disabled using the :option:`--disable-"
"gil` build configuration. After building Python with this option, code "
"must be run with :option:`-X gil=0 <-X>` or after setting the "
":envvar:`PYTHON_GIL=0 <PYTHON_GIL>` environment variable. This feature "
"enables improved performance for multi-threaded applications and makes it"
" easier to use multi-core CPUs efficiently. For more details, see "
":pep:`703`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:714
msgid ""
"In prior versions of Python's C API, a function might declare that it "
"requires the GIL to be held in order to use it. This refers to having an "
":term:`attached thread state`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:717
msgid "global state"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:719
msgid ""
"Data that is accessible throughout a program, such as module-level "
"variables, class variables, or C static variables in :term:`extension "
"modules <extension module>`.  In multi-threaded programs, global state "
"shared between threads typically requires synchronization to avoid "
":term:`race conditions <race condition>` and :term:`data races <data "
"race>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:725
msgid "hash-based pyc"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:727
msgid ""
"A bytecode cache file that uses the hash rather than the last-modified "
"time of the corresponding source file to determine its validity. See :ref"
":`pyc-invalidation`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:730
msgid "hashable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:732
msgid ""
"An object is *hashable* if it has a hash value which never changes during"
" its lifetime (it needs a :meth:`~object.__hash__` method), and can be "
"compared to other objects (it needs an :meth:`~object.__eq__` method). "
"Hashable objects which compare equal must have the same hash value."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:738
msgid ""
"Hashability makes an object usable as a dictionary key and a set member, "
"because these data structures use the hash value internally."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:741
msgid ""
"Most of Python's immutable built-in objects are hashable; mutable "
"containers (such as lists or dictionaries) are not; immutable containers "
"(such as tuples and frozensets) are only hashable if their elements are "
"hashable.  Objects which are instances of user-defined classes are "
"hashable by default.  They all compare unequal (except with themselves), "
"and their hash value is derived from their :func:`id`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:748
msgid "IDLE"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:750
msgid ""
"An Integrated Development and Learning Environment for Python. "
":ref:`idle` is a basic editor and interpreter environment which ships "
"with the standard distribution of Python."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:753
msgid "immortal"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:755
msgid ""
"*Immortal objects* are a CPython implementation detail introduced in "
":pep:`683`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:758
msgid ""
"If an object is immortal, its :term:`reference count` is never modified, "
"and therefore it is never deallocated while the interpreter is running. "
"For example, :const:`True` and :const:`None` are immortal in CPython."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:762
msgid ""
"Immortal objects can be identified via :func:`sys._is_immortal`, or via "
":c:func:`PyUnstable_IsImmortal` in the C API."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:764
msgid "immutable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:766
msgid ""
"An object with a fixed value.  Immutable objects include numbers, strings"
" and tuples.  Such an object cannot be altered.  A new object has to be "
"created if a different value has to be stored.  They play an important "
"role in places where a constant hash value is needed, for example as a "
"key in a dictionary.  Immutable objects are inherently :term:`thread-"
"safe` because their state cannot be modified after creation, eliminating "
"concerns about improperly synchronized :term:`concurrent modification`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:773
msgid "import path"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:775
msgid ""
"A list of locations (or :term:`path entries <path entry>`) that are "
"searched by the :term:`path based finder` for modules to import. During "
"import, this list of locations usually comes from :data:`sys.path`, but "
"for subpackages it may also come from the parent package's ``__path__`` "
"attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:780
msgid "importing"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:782
msgid ""
"The process by which Python code in one module is made available to "
"Python code in another module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:784
msgid "importer"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:786
msgid ""
"An object that both finds and loads a module; both a :term:`finder` and "
":term:`loader` object."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:788
msgid "index"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:790
msgid ""
"A numeric value that represents the position of an element in a "
":term:`sequence`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:793
msgid ""
"In Python, indexing starts at zero. For example, ``things[0]`` names the "
"*first* element of ``things``; ``things[1]`` names the second one."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:797
msgid ""
"In some contexts, Python allows negative indexes for counting from the "
"end of a sequence, and indexing using :term:`slices <slice>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:800
msgid "See also :term:`subscript`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:801
msgid "interactive"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:803
msgid ""
"Python has an interactive interpreter which means you can enter "
"statements and expressions at the interpreter prompt, immediately execute"
" them and see their results.  Just launch ``python`` with no arguments "
"(possibly by selecting it from your computer's main menu). It is a very "
"powerful way to test out new ideas or inspect modules and packages "
"(remember ``help(x)``). For more on interactive mode, see :ref:`tut-"
"interac`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:810
msgid "interpreted"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:812
msgid ""
"Python is an interpreted language, as opposed to a compiled one, though "
"the distinction can be blurry because of the presence of the bytecode "
"compiler.  This means that source files can be run directly without "
"explicitly creating an executable which is then run. Interpreted "
"languages typically have a shorter development/debug cycle than compiled "
"ones, though their programs generally also run more slowly.  See also "
":term:`interactive`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:819
msgid "interpreter shutdown"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:821
msgid ""
"When asked to shut down, the Python interpreter enters a special phase "
"where it gradually releases all allocated resources, such as modules and "
"various critical internal structures.  It also makes several calls to the"
" :term:`garbage collector <garbage collection>`. This can trigger the "
"execution of code in user-defined destructors or weakref callbacks. Code "
"executed during the shutdown phase can encounter various exceptions as "
"the resources it relies on may not function anymore (common examples are "
"library modules or the warnings machinery)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:830
msgid ""
"The main reason for interpreter shutdown is that the ``__main__`` module "
"or the script being run has finished executing."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:832
msgid "iterable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:834
msgid ""
"An object capable of returning its members one at a time. Examples of "
"iterables include all sequence types (such as :class:`list`, "
":class:`str`, and :class:`tuple`) and some non-sequence types like "
":class:`dict`, :term:`file objects <file object>`, and objects of any "
"classes you define with an :meth:`~object.__iter__` method or with a "
":meth:`~object.__getitem__` method that implements :term:`sequence` "
"semantics."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:842
msgid ""
"Iterables can be used in a :keyword:`for` loop and in many other places "
"where a sequence is needed (:func:`zip`, :func:`map`, ...).  When an "
"iterable object is passed as an argument to the built-in function "
":func:`iter`, it returns an iterator for the object.  This iterator is "
"good for one pass over the set of values.  When using iterables, it is "
"usually not necessary to call :func:`iter` or deal with iterator objects "
"yourself.  The :keyword:`for` statement does that automatically for you, "
"creating a temporary unnamed variable to hold the iterator for the "
"duration of the loop.  See also :term:`iterator`, :term:`sequence`, and "
":term:`generator`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:852
msgid "iterator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:854
msgid ""
"An object representing a stream of data.  Repeated calls to the "
"iterator's :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method (or passing it to the built-"
"in function :func:`next`) return successive items in the stream.  When no"
" more data are available a :exc:`StopIteration` exception is raised "
"instead.  At this point, the iterator object is exhausted and any further"
" calls to its :meth:`!__next__` method just raise :exc:`StopIteration` "
"again.  Iterators are required to have an :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` "
"method that returns the iterator object itself so every iterator is also "
"iterable and may be used in most places where other iterables are "
"accepted.  One notable exception is code which attempts multiple "
"iteration passes.  A container object (such as a :class:`list`) produces "
"a fresh new iterator each time you pass it to the :func:`iter` function "
"or use it in a :keyword:`for` loop.  Attempting this with an iterator "
"will just return the same exhausted iterator object used in the previous "
"iteration pass, making it appear like an empty container."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:869
msgid "More information can be found in :ref:`typeiter`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:873
msgid ""
"CPython does not consistently apply the requirement that an iterator "
"define :meth:`~iterator.__iter__`. And also please note that :term:`free-"
"threaded <free threading>` CPython does not guarantee :term:`thread-safe`"
" behavior of iterator operations."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:878
msgid "key"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:880
msgid ""
"A value that identifies an entry in a :term:`mapping`. See also "
":term:`subscript`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:882
msgid "key function"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:884
msgid ""
"A key function or collation function is a callable that returns a value "
"used for sorting or ordering.  For example, :func:`locale.strxfrm` is "
"used to produce a sort key that is aware of locale specific sort "
"conventions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:889
msgid ""
"A number of tools in Python accept key functions to control how elements "
"are ordered or grouped.  They include :func:`min`, :func:`max`, "
":func:`sorted`, :meth:`list.sort`, :func:`heapq.merge`, "
":func:`heapq.nsmallest`, :func:`heapq.nlargest`, and "
":func:`itertools.groupby`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:895
msgid ""
"There are several ways to create a key function.  For example. the "
":meth:`str.casefold` method can serve as a key function for case "
"insensitive sorts.  Alternatively, a key function can be built from a "
":keyword:`lambda` expression such as ``lambda r: (r[0], r[2])``.  Also, "
":func:`operator.attrgetter`, :func:`operator.itemgetter`, and "
":func:`operator.methodcaller` are three key function constructors.  See "
"the :ref:`Sorting HOW TO <sortinghowto>` for examples of how to create "
"and use key functions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:902
msgid "keyword argument"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:904 ../../glossary.rst:1291
msgid "See :term:`argument`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:905
msgid "lambda"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:907
msgid ""
"An anonymous inline function consisting of a single :term:`expression` "
"which is evaluated when the function is called.  The syntax to create a "
"lambda function is ``lambda [parameters]: expression``"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:910
msgid "LBYL"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:912
msgid ""
"Look before you leap.  This coding style explicitly tests for pre-"
"conditions before making calls or lookups.  This style contrasts with the"
" :term:`EAFP` approach and is characterized by the presence of many "
":keyword:`if` statements."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:917
msgid ""
"In a multi-threaded environment, the LBYL approach can risk introducing a"
" :term:`race condition` between \"the looking\" and \"the leaping\".  For"
" example, the code, ``if key in mapping: return mapping[key]`` can fail "
"if another thread removes *key* from *mapping* after the test, but before"
" the lookup. This issue can be solved with :term:`locks <lock>` or by "
"using the :term:`EAFP` approach.  See also :term:`thread-safe`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:923
msgid "lexical analyzer"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:926
msgid "Formal name for the *tokenizer*; see :term:`token`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:927
msgid "list"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:929
msgid ""
"A built-in Python :term:`sequence`.  Despite its name it is more akin to "
"an array in other languages than to a linked list since access to "
"elements is *O*\\ (1)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:932
msgid "list comprehension"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:934
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"A compact way to process all or part of the elements in a sequence and "
"return a list with the results.  ``result = ['{:#04x}'.format(x) for x in"
" range(256) if x % 2 == 0]`` generates a list of strings containing even "
"hex numbers (0x..) in the range from 0 to 255. The :keyword:`if` clause "
"is optional.  If omitted, all elements in ``range(256)`` are processed."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:940
msgid "lock"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:942
msgid ""
"A :term:`synchronization primitive` that allows only one thread at a time"
" to access a shared resource.  A thread must acquire a lock before "
"accessing the protected resource and release it afterward.  If a thread "
"attempts to acquire a lock that is already held by another thread, it "
"will block until the lock becomes available.  Python's :mod:`threading` "
"module provides :class:`~threading.Lock` (a basic lock) and "
":class:`~threading.RLock` (a :term:`reentrant` lock).  Locks are used to "
"prevent :term:`race conditions <race condition>` and ensure :term"
":`thread-safe` access to shared data.  Alternative design patterns to "
"locks exist such as queues, producer/consumer patterns, and thread-local "
"state. See also :term:`deadlock`, and :term:`reentrant`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:953
msgid "lock-free"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:955
msgid ""
"An operation that does not acquire any :term:`lock` and uses atomic CPU "
"instructions to ensure correctness. Lock-free operations can execute "
"concurrently without blocking each other and cannot be blocked by "
"operations that hold locks. In :term:`free-threaded <free threading>` "
"Python, built-in types like :class:`dict` and :class:`list` provide lock-"
"free read operations, which means other threads may observe intermediate "
"states during multi-step modifications even when those modifications hold"
" the :term:`per-object lock`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:963
msgid "loader"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:965
msgid ""
"An object that loads a module. It must define the :meth:`!exec_module` "
"and :meth:`!create_module` methods to implement the "
":class:`~importlib.abc.Loader` interface. A loader is typically returned "
"by a :term:`finder`. See also:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:971
msgid ":ref:`finders-and-loaders`"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:972
msgid ":class:`importlib.abc.Loader`"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:973
msgid ":pep:`302`"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:974
msgid "locale encoding"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:976
msgid ""
"On Unix, it is the encoding of the LC_CTYPE locale. It can be set with "
":func:`locale.setlocale(locale.LC_CTYPE, new_locale) <locale.setlocale>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:979
msgid "On Windows, it is the ANSI code page (ex: ``\"cp1252\"``)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:981
msgid "On Android and VxWorks, Python uses ``\"utf-8\"`` as the locale encoding."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:983
msgid ":func:`locale.getencoding` can be used to get the locale encoding."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:985
msgid "See also the :term:`filesystem encoding and error handler`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:986
msgid "magic method"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:990
msgid "An informal synonym for :term:`special method`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:991
msgid "mapping"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:993
msgid ""
"A container object that supports arbitrary key lookups and implements the"
" methods specified in the :class:`collections.abc.Mapping` or "
":class:`collections.abc.MutableMapping` :ref:`abstract base classes "
"<collections-abstract-base-classes>`.  Examples include :class:`dict`, "
":class:`collections.defaultdict`, :class:`collections.OrderedDict` and "
":class:`collections.Counter`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:999
msgid "meta path finder"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1001
msgid ""
"A :term:`finder` returned by a search of :data:`sys.meta_path`.  Meta "
"path finders are related to, but different from :term:`path entry finders"
" <path entry finder>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1005
msgid ""
"See :class:`importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder` for the methods that meta path "
"finders implement."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1007
msgid "metaclass"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1009
msgid ""
"The class of a class.  Class definitions create a class name, a class "
"dictionary, and a list of base classes.  The metaclass is responsible for"
" taking those three arguments and creating the class.  Most object "
"oriented programming languages provide a default implementation.  What "
"makes Python special is that it is possible to create custom metaclasses."
"  Most users never need this tool, but when the need arises, metaclasses "
"can provide powerful, elegant solutions.  They have been used for logging"
" attribute access, adding thread-safety, tracking object creation, "
"implementing singletons, and many other tasks."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1019
msgid "More information can be found in :ref:`metaclasses`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:988 ../../glossary.rst:1020 ../../glossary.rst:1474
msgid "method"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1022
msgid ""
"A function which is defined inside a class body.  If called as an "
"attribute of an instance of that class, the method will get the instance "
"object as its first :term:`argument` (which is usually called ``self``). "
"See :term:`function` and :term:`nested scope`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1026
msgid "method resolution order"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1028
msgid ""
"Method Resolution Order is the order in which base classes are searched "
"for a member during lookup. See :ref:`python_2.3_mro` for details of the "
"algorithm used by the Python interpreter since the 2.3 release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1031
msgid "module"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1033
msgid ""
"An object that serves as an organizational unit of Python code.  Modules "
"have a namespace containing arbitrary Python objects.  Modules are loaded"
" into Python by the process of :term:`importing`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1037
msgid "See also :term:`package`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1038
msgid "module spec"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1040
msgid ""
"A namespace containing the import-related information used to load a "
"module. An instance of :class:`importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1043
msgid "See also :ref:`module-specs`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1044
msgid "MRO"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1046
msgid "See :term:`method resolution order`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1047
msgid "mutable"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1049
msgid ""
"An :term:`object` with state that is allowed to change during the course "
"of the program.  In multi-threaded programs, mutable objects that are "
"shared between threads require careful synchronization to avoid "
":term:`race conditions <race condition>`.  See also :term:`immutable`, "
":term:`thread-safe`, and :term:`concurrent modification`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1054
msgid "named tuple"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1056
msgid ""
"The term \"named tuple\" applies to any type or class that inherits from "
"tuple and whose indexable elements are also accessible using named "
"attributes.  The type or class may have other features as well."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1060
msgid ""
"Several built-in types are named tuples, including the values returned by"
" :func:`time.localtime` and :func:`os.stat`.  Another example is "
":data:`sys.float_info`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1064
msgid ""
">>> sys.float_info[1]                   # indexed access\n"
"1024\n"
">>> sys.float_info.max_exp              # named field access\n"
"1024\n"
">>> isinstance(sys.float_info, tuple)   # kind of tuple\n"
"True"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1071
msgid ""
"Some named tuples are built-in types (such as the above examples). "
"Alternatively, a named tuple can be created from a regular class "
"definition that inherits from :class:`tuple` and that defines named "
"fields.  Such a class can be written by hand, or it can be created by "
"inheriting :class:`typing.NamedTuple`, or with the factory function "
":func:`collections.namedtuple`.  The latter techniques also add some "
"extra methods that may not be found in hand-written or built-in named "
"tuples."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1079
msgid "namespace"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1081
msgid ""
"The place where a variable is stored.  Namespaces are implemented as "
"dictionaries.  There are the local, global and built-in namespaces as "
"well as nested namespaces in objects (in methods).  Namespaces support "
"modularity by preventing naming conflicts.  For instance, the functions "
":func:`builtins.open <.open>` and :func:`os.open` are distinguished by "
"their namespaces.  Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by"
" making it clear which module implements a function.  For instance, "
"writing :func:`random.seed` or :func:`itertools.islice` makes it clear "
"that those functions are implemented by the :mod:`random` and "
":mod:`itertools` modules, respectively."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1091
msgid "namespace package"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1093
msgid ""
"A :term:`package` which serves only as a container for subpackages. "
"Namespace packages may have no physical representation, and specifically "
"are not like a :term:`regular package` because they have no "
"``__init__.py`` file."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1098
msgid ""
"Namespace packages allow several individually installable packages to "
"have a common parent package. Otherwise, it is recommended to use a "
":term:`regular package`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1101
msgid ""
"For more information, see :pep:`420` and :ref:`reference-namespace-"
"package`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1103
msgid "See also :term:`module`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1104
msgid "native code"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1106
msgid ""
"Code that is compiled to machine instructions and runs directly on the "
"processor, as opposed to code that is interpreted or runs in a virtual "
"machine.  In the context of Python, native code typically refers to C, "
"C++, Rust or Fortran code in :term:`extension modules <extension module>`"
" that can be called from Python.  See also :term:`extension module`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1111
msgid "nested scope"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1113
msgid ""
"The ability to refer to a variable in an enclosing definition.  For "
"instance, a function defined inside another function can refer to "
"variables in the outer function.  Note that nested scopes by default work"
" only for reference and not for assignment.  Local variables both read "
"and write in the innermost scope.  Likewise, global variables read and "
"write to the global namespace.  The :keyword:`nonlocal` allows writing to"
" outer scopes."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1120
msgid "new-style class"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1122
msgid ""
"Old name for the flavor of classes now used for all class objects.  In "
"earlier Python versions, only new-style classes could use Python's newer,"
" versatile features like :attr:`~object.__slots__`, descriptors, "
"properties, :meth:`~object.__getattribute__`, class methods, and static "
"methods."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1127
msgid "non-deterministic"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1129
msgid ""
"Behavior where the outcome of a program can vary between executions with "
"the same inputs.  In multi-threaded programs, non-deterministic behavior "
"often results from :term:`race conditions <race condition>` where the "
"relative timing or interleaving of threads affects the result. Proper "
"synchronization using :term:`locks <lock>` and other "
":term:`synchronization primitives <synchronization primitive>` helps "
"ensure deterministic behavior."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1136
msgid "object"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1138
msgid ""
"Any data with state (attributes or value) and defined behavior (methods)."
"  Also the ultimate base class of any :term:`new-style class`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1141
msgid "optimized scope"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1143
msgid ""
"A scope where target local variable names are reliably known to the "
"compiler when the code is compiled, allowing optimization of read and "
"write access to these names. The local namespaces for functions, "
"generators, coroutines, comprehensions, and generator expressions are "
"optimized in this fashion. Note: most interpreter optimizations are "
"applied to all scopes, only those relying on a known set of local and "
"nonlocal variable names are restricted to optimized scopes."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1150
msgid "optional module"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1152
msgid ""
"An :term:`extension module` that is part of the :term:`standard library`,"
" but may be absent in some builds of :term:`CPython`, usually due to "
"missing third-party libraries or because the module is not available for "
"a given platform."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1157
msgid ""
"See :ref:`optional-module-requirements` for a list of optional modules "
"that require third-party libraries."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1159
msgid "package"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1161
msgid ""
"A Python :term:`module` which can contain submodules or recursively, "
"subpackages.  Technically, a package is a Python module with a "
"``__path__`` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1165
msgid "See also :term:`regular package` and :term:`namespace package`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1166
msgid "parallelism"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1168
msgid ""
"Executing multiple operations at the same time (e.g. on multiple CPU "
"cores).  In Python builds with the :term:`global interpreter lock (GIL) "
"<global interpreter lock>`, only one thread runs Python bytecode at a "
"time, so taking advantage of multiple CPU cores typically involves "
"multiple processes (e.g. :mod:`multiprocessing`) or native extensions "
"that release the GIL. In :term:`free-threaded <free threading>` Python, "
"multiple Python threads can run Python code simultaneously on different "
"cores."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1176
msgid "parameter"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1178
msgid ""
"A named entity in a :term:`function` (or method) definition that "
"specifies an :term:`argument` (or in some cases, arguments) that the "
"function can accept.  There are five kinds of parameter:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1182
msgid ""
":dfn:`positional-or-keyword`: specifies an argument that can be passed "
"either :term:`positionally <argument>` or as a :term:`keyword argument "
"<argument>`.  This is the default kind of parameter, for example *foo* "
"and *bar* in the following::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1187
msgid "def func(foo, bar=None): ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1191
msgid ""
":dfn:`positional-only`: specifies an argument that can be supplied only "
"by position. Positional-only parameters can be defined by including a "
"``/`` character in the parameter list of the function definition after "
"them, for example *posonly1* and *posonly2* in the following::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1196
msgid "def func(posonly1, posonly2, /, positional_or_keyword): ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1200
msgid ""
":dfn:`keyword-only`: specifies an argument that can be supplied only by "
"keyword.  Keyword-only parameters can be defined by including a single "
"var-positional parameter or bare ``*`` in the parameter list of the "
"function definition before them, for example *kw_only1* and *kw_only2* in"
" the following::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1206
msgid "def func(arg, *, kw_only1, kw_only2): ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1208
msgid ""
":dfn:`var-positional`: specifies that an arbitrary sequence of positional"
" arguments can be provided (in addition to any positional arguments "
"already accepted by other parameters).  Such a parameter can be defined "
"by prepending the parameter name with ``*``, for example *args* in the "
"following::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1214
msgid "def func(*args, **kwargs): ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1216
msgid ""
":dfn:`var-keyword`: specifies that arbitrarily many keyword arguments can"
" be provided (in addition to any keyword arguments already accepted by "
"other parameters).  Such a parameter can be defined by prepending the "
"parameter name with ``**``, for example *kwargs* in the example above."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1222
msgid ""
"Parameters can specify both optional and required arguments, as well as "
"default values for some optional arguments."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1225
msgid ""
"See also the :term:`argument` glossary entry, the FAQ question on "
":ref:`the difference between arguments and parameters <faq-argument-vs-"
"parameter>`, the :class:`inspect.Parameter` class, the :ref:`function` "
"section, and :pep:`362`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1229
msgid "per-object lock"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1231
msgid ""
"A :term:`lock` associated with an individual object instance rather than "
"a global lock shared across all objects. In :term:`free-threaded <free "
"threading>` Python, built-in types like :class:`dict` and :class:`list` "
"use per-object locks to allow concurrent operations on different objects "
"while serializing operations on the same object. Operations that hold the"
" per-object lock prevent other locking operations on the same object from"
" proceeding, but do not block :term:`lock-free` operations."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1239
msgid "path entry"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1241
msgid ""
"A single location on the :term:`import path` which the :term:`path based "
"finder` consults to find modules for importing."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1243
msgid "path entry finder"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1245
msgid ""
"A :term:`finder` returned by a callable on :data:`sys.path_hooks` (i.e. a"
" :term:`path entry hook`) which knows how to locate modules given a "
":term:`path entry`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1249
msgid ""
"See :class:`importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder` for the methods that path "
"entry finders implement."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1251
msgid "path entry hook"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1253
msgid ""
"A callable on the :data:`sys.path_hooks` list which returns a :term:`path"
" entry finder` if it knows how to find modules on a specific :term:`path "
"entry`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1256
msgid "path based finder"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1258
msgid ""
"One of the default :term:`meta path finders <meta path finder>` which "
"searches an :term:`import path` for modules."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1260
msgid "path-like object"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1262
msgid ""
"An object representing a file system path. A path-like object is either a"
" :class:`str` or :class:`bytes` object representing a path, or an object "
"implementing the :class:`os.PathLike` protocol. An object that supports "
"the :class:`os.PathLike` protocol can be converted to a :class:`str` or "
":class:`bytes` file system path by calling the :func:`os.fspath` "
"function; :func:`os.fsdecode` and :func:`os.fsencode` can be used to "
"guarantee a :class:`str` or :class:`bytes` result instead, respectively. "
"Introduced by :pep:`519`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1270
msgid "PEP"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1272
msgid ""
"Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is a design document providing "
"information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for "
"Python or its processes or environment. PEPs should provide a concise "
"technical specification and a rationale for proposed features."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1278
msgid ""
"PEPs are intended to be the primary mechanisms for proposing major new "
"features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for documenting"
" the design decisions that have gone into Python. The PEP author is "
"responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting "
"dissenting opinions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1284
msgid "See :pep:`1`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1285
msgid "portion"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1287
msgid ""
"A set of files in a single directory (possibly stored in a zip file) that"
" contribute to a namespace package, as defined in :pep:`420`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1289
msgid "positional argument"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1292
msgid "provisional API"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1294
msgid ""
"A provisional API is one which has been deliberately excluded from the "
"standard library's backwards compatibility guarantees.  While major "
"changes to such interfaces are not expected, as long as they are marked "
"provisional, backwards incompatible changes (up to and including removal "
"of the interface) may occur if deemed necessary by core developers.  Such"
" changes will not be made gratuitously -- they will occur only if serious"
" fundamental flaws are uncovered that were missed prior to the inclusion "
"of the API."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1303
msgid ""
"Even for provisional APIs, backwards incompatible changes are seen as a "
"\"solution of last resort\" - every attempt will still be made to find a "
"backwards compatible resolution to any identified problems."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1307
msgid ""
"This process allows the standard library to continue to evolve over time,"
" without locking in problematic design errors for extended periods of "
"time.  See :pep:`411` for more details."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1310
msgid "provisional package"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1312
msgid "See :term:`provisional API`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1313
msgid "Python 3000"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1315
msgid ""
"Nickname for the Python 3.x release line (coined long ago when the "
"release of version 3 was something in the distant future.)  This is also "
"abbreviated \"Py3k\"."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1318
msgid "Pythonic"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1320
msgid ""
"An idea or piece of code which closely follows the most common idioms of "
"the Python language, rather than implementing code using concepts common "
"to other languages.  For example, a common idiom in Python is to loop "
"over all elements of an iterable using a :keyword:`for` statement.  Many "
"other languages don't have this type of construct, so people unfamiliar "
"with Python sometimes use a numerical counter instead::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1327
msgid ""
"for i in range(len(food)):\n"
"    print(food[i])"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1330
msgid "As opposed to the cleaner, Pythonic method::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1332
msgid ""
"for piece in food:\n"
"    print(piece)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1334
msgid "qualified name"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1336
msgid ""
"A dotted name showing the \"path\" from a module's global scope to a "
"class, function or method defined in that module, as defined in "
":pep:`3155`.  For top-level functions and classes, the qualified name is "
"the same as the object's name::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1341
msgid ""
">>> class C:\n"
"...     class D:\n"
"...         def meth(self):\n"
"...             pass\n"
"...\n"
">>> C.__qualname__\n"
"'C'\n"
">>> C.D.__qualname__\n"
"'C.D'\n"
">>> C.D.meth.__qualname__\n"
"'C.D.meth'"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1353
msgid ""
"When used to refer to modules, the *fully qualified name* means the "
"entire dotted path to the module, including any parent packages, e.g. "
"``email.mime.text``::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1357
msgid ""
">>> import email.mime.text\n"
">>> email.mime.text.__name__\n"
"'email.mime.text'"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1360
msgid "race condition"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1362
msgid ""
"A condition of a program where the behavior depends on the relative "
"timing or ordering of events, particularly in multi-threaded programs.  "
"Race conditions can lead to :term:`non-deterministic` behavior and bugs "
"that are difficult to reproduce.  A :term:`data race` is a specific type "
"of race condition involving unsynchronized access to shared memory.  The "
":term:`LBYL` coding style is particularly susceptible to race conditions "
"in multi-threaded code.  Using :term:`locks <lock>` and other "
":term:`synchronization primitives <synchronization primitive>` helps "
"prevent race conditions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1372
msgid "reference count"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1374
msgid ""
"The number of references to an object.  When the reference count of an "
"object drops to zero, it is deallocated.  Some objects are "
":term:`immortal` and have reference counts that are never modified, and "
"therefore the objects are never deallocated.  Reference counting is "
"generally not visible to Python code, but it is a key element of the "
":term:`CPython` implementation.  Programmers can call the "
":func:`sys.getrefcount` function to return the reference count for a "
"particular object."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1383
msgid ""
"In :term:`CPython`, reference counts are not considered to be stable or "
"well-defined values; the number of references to an object, and how that "
"number is affected by Python code, may be different between versions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1387
msgid "regular package"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1389
msgid ""
"A traditional :term:`package`, such as a directory containing an "
"``__init__.py`` file."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1392
msgid "See also :term:`namespace package`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1393
msgid "reentrant"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1395
msgid ""
"A property of a function or :term:`lock` that allows it to be called or "
"acquired multiple times by the same thread without causing errors or a "
":term:`deadlock`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1399
msgid ""
"For functions, reentrancy means the function can be safely called again "
"before a previous invocation has completed, which is important when "
"functions may be called recursively or from signal handlers. Thread-"
"unsafe functions may be :term:`non-deterministic` if they're called "
"reentrantly in a multithreaded program."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1405
msgid ""
"For locks, Python's :class:`threading.RLock` (reentrant lock) is "
"reentrant, meaning a thread that already holds the lock can acquire it "
"again without blocking.  In contrast, :class:`threading.Lock` is not "
"reentrant - attempting to acquire it twice from the same thread will "
"cause a deadlock."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1411
msgid "See also :term:`lock` and :term:`deadlock`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1412
msgid "REPL"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1414
msgid ""
"An acronym for the \"read–eval–print loop\", another name for the "
":term:`interactive` interpreter shell."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1416
msgid "__slots__"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1418
msgid ""
"A declaration inside a class that saves memory by pre-declaring space for"
" instance attributes and eliminating instance dictionaries.  Though "
"popular, the technique is somewhat tricky to get right and is best "
"reserved for rare cases where there are large numbers of instances in a "
"memory-critical application."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1423
msgid "sequence"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1425
msgid ""
"An :term:`iterable` which supports efficient element access using integer"
" indices via the :meth:`~object.__getitem__` special method and defines a"
" :meth:`~object.__len__` method that returns the length of the sequence. "
"Some built-in sequence types are :class:`list`, :class:`str`, "
":class:`tuple`, and :class:`bytes`. Note that :class:`dict` also supports"
" :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`!__len__`, but is considered a "
"mapping rather than a sequence because the lookups use arbitrary "
":term:`hashable` keys rather than integers."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1434
msgid ""
"The :class:`collections.abc.Sequence` abstract base class defines a much "
"richer interface that goes beyond just :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and "
":meth:`~object.__len__`, adding :meth:`~sequence.count`, "
":meth:`~sequence.index`, :meth:`~object.__contains__`, and "
":meth:`~object.__reversed__`. Types that implement this expanded "
"interface can be registered explicitly using "
":func:`~abc.ABCMeta.register`. For more documentation on sequence methods"
" generally, see :ref:`Common Sequence Operations <typesseq-common>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1444
msgid "set comprehension"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1446
#, python-brace-format
msgid ""
"A compact way to process all or part of the elements in an iterable and "
"return a set with the results. ``results = {c for c in 'abracadabra' if c"
" not in 'abc'}`` generates the set of strings ``{'r', 'd'}``.  See "
":ref:`comprehensions`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1450
msgid "single dispatch"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1452
msgid ""
"A form of :term:`generic function` dispatch where the implementation is "
"chosen based on the type of a single argument."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1454
msgid "slice"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1456
msgid ""
"An object of type :class:`slice`, used to describe a portion of a "
":term:`sequence`. A slice object is created when using the :ref:`slicing "
"<slicings>` form of :ref:`subscript notation <subscriptions>`, with "
"colons inside square brackets, such as in ``variable_name[1:3:5]``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1461
msgid "soft deprecated"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1463
msgid ""
"A soft deprecated API should not be used in new code, but it is safe for "
"already existing code to use it. The API remains documented and tested, "
"but will not be enhanced further."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1467
msgid ""
"Soft deprecation, unlike normal deprecation, does not plan on removing "
"the API and will not emit warnings."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1470
msgid ""
"See `PEP 387: Soft Deprecation <https://peps.python.org/pep-0387/#soft-"
"deprecation>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1472
msgid "special method"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1476
msgid ""
"A method that is called implicitly by Python to execute a certain "
"operation on a type, such as addition.  Such methods have names starting "
"and ending with double underscores.  Special methods are documented in "
":ref:`specialnames`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1480
msgid "standard library"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1482
msgid ""
"The collection of :term:`packages <package>`, :term:`modules <module>` "
"and :term:`extension modules <extension module>` distributed as a part of"
" the official Python interpreter package.  The exact membership of the "
"collection may vary based on platform, available system libraries, or "
"other criteria.  Documentation can be found at :ref:`library-index`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1488
msgid ""
"See also :data:`sys.stdlib_module_names` for a list of all possible "
"standard library module names."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1490
msgid "statement"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1492
msgid ""
"A statement is part of a suite (a \"block\" of code).  A statement is "
"either an :term:`expression` or one of several constructs with a keyword,"
" such as :keyword:`if`, :keyword:`while` or :keyword:`for`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1495
msgid "static type checker"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1497
msgid ""
"An external tool that reads Python code and analyzes it, looking for "
"issues such as incorrect types. See also :term:`type hints <type hint>` "
"and the :mod:`typing` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1500
msgid "stdlib"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1502
msgid "An abbreviation of :term:`standard library`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1503
msgid "strong reference"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1505
msgid ""
"In Python's C API, a strong reference is a reference to an object which "
"is owned by the code holding the reference.  The strong reference is "
"taken by calling :c:func:`Py_INCREF` when the reference is created and "
"released with :c:func:`Py_DECREF` when the reference is deleted."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1511
msgid ""
"The :c:func:`Py_NewRef` function can be used to create a strong reference"
" to an object. Usually, the :c:func:`Py_DECREF` function must be called "
"on the strong reference before exiting the scope of the strong reference,"
" to avoid leaking one reference."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1516
msgid "See also :term:`borrowed reference`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1517
msgid "subscript"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1519
msgid ""
"The expression in square brackets of a :ref:`subscription expression "
"<subscriptions>`, for example, the ``3`` in ``items[3]``. Usually used to"
" select an element of a container. Also called a :term:`key` when "
"subscripting a :term:`mapping`, or an :term:`index` when subscripting a "
":term:`sequence`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1525
msgid "synchronization primitive"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1527
msgid ""
"A basic building block for coordinating (synchronizing) the execution of "
"multiple threads to ensure :term:`thread-safe` access to shared "
"resources. Python's :mod:`threading` module provides several "
"synchronization primitives including :class:`~threading.Lock`, "
":class:`~threading.RLock`, :class:`~threading.Semaphore`, "
":class:`~threading.Condition`, :class:`~threading.Event`, and "
":class:`~threading.Barrier`.  Additionally, the :mod:`queue` module "
"provides multi-producer, multi-consumer queues that are especially useful"
" in multithreaded programs. These primitives help prevent :term:`race "
"conditions <race condition>` and coordinate thread execution.  See also "
":term:`lock`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1537
msgid "t-string"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1538
msgid "t-strings"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1540
msgid ""
"String literals prefixed with ``t`` or ``T`` are commonly called "
"\"t-strings\" which is short for :ref:`template string literals "
"<t-strings>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1543
msgid "text encoding"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1545
msgid ""
"A string in Python is a sequence of Unicode code points (in range "
"``U+0000``--``U+10FFFF``). To store or transfer a string, it needs to be "
"serialized as a sequence of bytes."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1549
msgid ""
"Serializing a string into a sequence of bytes is known as \"encoding\", "
"and recreating the string from the sequence of bytes is known as "
"\"decoding\"."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1552
msgid ""
"There are a variety of different text serialization :ref:`codecs "
"<standard-encodings>`, which are collectively referred to as \"text "
"encodings\"."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1555
msgid "text file"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1557
msgid ""
"A :term:`file object` able to read and write :class:`str` objects. Often,"
" a text file actually accesses a byte-oriented datastream and handles the"
" :term:`text encoding` automatically. Examples of text files are files "
"opened in text mode (``'r'`` or ``'w'``), :data:`sys.stdin`, "
":data:`sys.stdout`, and instances of :class:`io.StringIO`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1564
msgid ""
"See also :term:`binary file` for a file object able to read and write "
":term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1566
msgid "thread state"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1569
msgid ""
"The information used by the :term:`CPython` runtime to run in an OS "
"thread. For example, this includes the current exception, if any, and the"
" state of the bytecode interpreter."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1573
msgid ""
"Each thread state is bound to a single OS thread, but threads may have "
"many thread states available.  At most, one of them may be "
":term:`attached <attached thread state>` at once."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1577
msgid ""
"An :term:`attached thread state` is required to call most of Python's C "
"API, unless a function explicitly documents otherwise. The bytecode "
"interpreter only runs under an attached thread state."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1581
msgid ""
"Each thread state belongs to a single interpreter, but each interpreter "
"may have many thread states, including multiple for the same OS thread. "
"Thread states from multiple interpreters may be bound to the same thread,"
" but only one can be :term:`attached <attached thread state>` in that "
"thread at any given moment."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1587
msgid ""
"See :ref:`Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock <threads>` for "
"more information."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1589
msgid "thread-safe"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1591
msgid ""
"A module, function, or class that behaves correctly when used by multiple"
" threads concurrently.  Thread-safe code uses appropriate "
":term:`synchronization primitives <synchronization primitive>` like "
":term:`locks <lock>` to protect shared mutable state, or is designed to "
"avoid shared mutable state entirely.  In the :term:`free-threaded <free "
"threading>` build, built-in types like :class:`dict`, :class:`list`, and "
":class:`set` use internal locking to make many operations thread-safe, "
"although thread safety is not necessarily guaranteed.  Code that is not "
"thread-safe may experience :term:`race conditions <race condition>` and "
":term:`data races <data race>` when used in multi-threaded programs."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1602
msgid "token"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1605
msgid ""
"A small unit of source code, generated by the :ref:`lexical analyzer "
"<lexical>` (also called the *tokenizer*). Names, numbers, strings, "
"operators, newlines and similar are represented by tokens."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1610
msgid ""
"The :mod:`tokenize` module exposes Python's lexical analyzer. The "
":mod:`token` module contains information on the various types of tokens."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1613
msgid "triple-quoted string"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1615
msgid ""
"A string which is bound by three instances of either a quotation mark "
"(\") or an apostrophe (').  While they don't provide any functionality "
"not available with single-quoted strings, they are useful for a number of"
" reasons.  They allow you to include unescaped single and double quotes "
"within a string and they can span multiple lines without the use of the "
"continuation character, making them especially useful when writing "
"docstrings."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1622
msgid "type"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1624
msgid ""
"The type of a Python object determines what kind of object it is; every "
"object has a type.  An object's type is accessible as its "
":attr:`~object.__class__` attribute or can be retrieved with "
"``type(obj)``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1628
msgid "type alias"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1630
msgid "A synonym for a type, created by assigning the type to an identifier."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1632
msgid ""
"Type aliases are useful for simplifying :term:`type hints <type hint>`. "
"For example::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1635
msgid ""
"def remove_gray_shades(\n"
"        colors: list[tuple[int, int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int, "
"int]]:\n"
"    pass"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1639
msgid "could be made more readable like this::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1641
msgid ""
"Color = tuple[int, int, int]\n"
"\n"
"def remove_gray_shades(colors: list[Color]) -> list[Color]:\n"
"    pass"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1646 ../../glossary.rst:1660
msgid "See :mod:`typing` and :pep:`484`, which describe this functionality."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1647
msgid "type hint"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1649
msgid ""
"An :term:`annotation` that specifies the expected type for a variable, a "
"class attribute, or a function parameter or return value."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1652
msgid ""
"Type hints are optional and are not enforced by Python but they are "
"useful to :term:`static type checkers <static type checker>`. They can "
"also aid IDEs with code completion and refactoring."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1656
msgid ""
"Type hints of global variables, class attributes, and functions, but not "
"local variables, can be accessed using :func:`typing.get_type_hints`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1661
msgid "universal newlines"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1663
msgid ""
"A manner of interpreting text streams in which all of the following are "
"recognized as ending a line: the Unix end-of-line convention ``'\\n'``, "
"the Windows convention ``'\\r\\n'``, and the old Macintosh convention "
"``'\\r'``.  See :pep:`278` and :pep:`3116`, as well as "
":func:`bytes.splitlines` for an additional use."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1668
msgid "variable annotation"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1670
msgid "An :term:`annotation` of a variable or a class attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1672
msgid "When annotating a variable or a class attribute, assignment is optional::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1674
msgid ""
"class C:\n"
"    field: 'annotation'"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1677
msgid ""
"Variable annotations are usually used for :term:`type hints <type hint>`:"
" for example this variable is expected to take :class:`int` values::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1681
msgid "count: int = 0"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1683
msgid "Variable annotation syntax is explained in section :ref:`annassign`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1685
msgid ""
"See :term:`function annotation`, :pep:`484` and :pep:`526`, which "
"describe this functionality. Also see :ref:`annotations-howto` for best "
"practices on working with annotations."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1689
msgid "virtual environment"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1691
msgid ""
"A cooperatively isolated runtime environment that allows Python users and"
" applications to install and upgrade Python distribution packages without"
" interfering with the behaviour of other Python applications running on "
"the same system."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1696
msgid "See also :mod:`venv`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1697
msgid "virtual machine"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1699
msgid ""
"A computer defined entirely in software.  Python's virtual machine "
"executes the :term:`bytecode` emitted by the bytecode compiler."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1701
msgid "walrus operator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1703
msgid ""
"A light-hearted way to refer to the :ref:`assignment expression "
"<assignment-expressions>` operator ``:=`` because it looks a bit like a "
"walrus if you turn your head."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1706
msgid "Zen of Python"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1708
msgid ""
"Listing of Python design principles and philosophies that are helpful in "
"understanding and using the language.  The listing can be found by typing"
" \"``import this``\" at the interactive prompt."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:24
msgid "..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:24
msgid "ellipsis literal"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:345
msgid "C-contiguous"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:345
msgid "Fortran contiguous"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:988
msgid "magic"
msgstr ""

#: ../../glossary.rst:1474
msgid "special"
msgstr ""