A Node.js module for implementing BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) peripherals.
Need a BLE central module? See @stoprocent/noble.
This fork of bleno
was created to introduce several key improvements and new features:
-
HCI UART Support: This version enables HCI UART communication through the
@stoprocent/node-bluetooth-hci-socket
dependency, allowing more flexible use of Bluetooth devices across platforms. -
Multi-Connection Support: Added support for multiple concurrent BLE central connections, allowing the peripheral to handle several connected devices simultaneously. This enables scenarios where multiple clients can connect and interact with the peripheral at the same time.
-
macOS Native Bindings Fix: I have fixed the native bindings for macOS, ensuring better compatibility and performance on Apple devices.
-
Modern Async API: Added Promise-based async methods for all major operations, making it easier to use with modern JavaScript/TypeScript applications.
-
TypeScript Support: Full TypeScript definitions included for better development experience and type safety.
-
New Features: A
setAddress
function has been added, allowing users to set the MAC address of the peripheral device. Additionally, I plan to add raw L2CAP channel support, enhancing low-level Bluetooth communication capabilities.
If you appreciate these enhancements and the continued development of this project, please consider supporting my work.
npm install @stoprocent/bleno --save
import bleno from "@stoprocent/bleno";
const bleno = require('@stoprocent/bleno');
See examples folder for code examples.
import bleno from "@stoprocent/bleno";
import { withBindings } from "@stoprocent/bleno";
const bleno = withBindings('default');
const bleno = withBindings('mac');
const bleno = withBindings('hci', { hciDriver: '...', bindParams: ... });
For available
hciDriver: DriverType
andbindParams: BindParams
please refer to @stoprocent/bluetooth-hci-socket interface.
Please refer to https://github.com/stoprocent/node-bluetooth-hci-socket#uartserial-any-os
$ export BLUETOOTH_HCI_SOCKET_UART_PORT=/dev/tty...
$ export BLUETOOTH_HCI_SOCKET_UART_BAUDRATE=1000000
NOTE: BLUETOOTH_HCI_SOCKET_UART_BAUDRATE
defaults to 1000000
so only needed if different.
const bleno = require('@stoprocent/bleno');
import { withBindings } from "@stoprocent/bleno";
const bleno = withBindings('hci', {
hciDriver: 'uart',
bindParams: {
uart: {
port: '/dev/cu.usbserial-1420'
}
}
});
await bleno.waitForPoweredOnAsync(1000); // Timeout of 1s
await bleno.startAdvertisingAsync('hello', ['d00d', 'b00b']);
This fork of bleno supports multiple concurrent BLE central connections, allowing several clients to connect to your peripheral simultaneously.
The library automatically restarts advertising after accepting a connection, enabling seamless multi-client connectivity by default. If you want to prevent additional connections, you can explicitly stop advertising in the accept callback:
// Default behavior - allows multiple connections
bleno.on('accept', async (address, handle) => {
console.log(`New connection accepted: ${address}, handle: ${handle}`);
// Advertising automatically continues - no action needed
});
// Optional: Stop additional connections
bleno.on('accept', async (address, handle) => {
console.log(`New connection accepted: ${address}, handle: ${handle}`);
// Explicitly stop advertising if you want to prevent additional connections
await bleno.stopAdvertisingAsync();
});
If you stop advertising, you'll need to manually restart it after the last client disconnects to keep the device connectable.
bleno.on('disconnect', async (address, handle) => {
console.log(`Client disconnected: ${address}, handle: ${handle}`);
// Only need to restart advertising if you explicitly stopped it
// await bleno.startAdvertisingAsync('my-device', ['service-uuid']);
});
- install the XCode command line tools via
xcode-select --install
- 10.9 or later
- Kernel version 3.6 or above
libbluetooth-dev
bluetoothd
disabled, if BlueZ 5.14 or later is installed. Usesudo hciconfig hci0 up
to power Bluetooth adapter up after stopping or disablingbluetoothd
.System V
:sudo service bluetooth stop
(once)sudo update-rc.d bluetooth remove
(persist on reboot)
systemd
sudo systemctl stop bluetooth
(once)sudo systemctl disable bluetooth
(persist on reboot)
If you're using noble and bleno at the same time, connected BLE devices may not be able to retrieve a list of services from the BLE adaptor. Check out noble's documentation on bleno compatibility
sudo apt-get install bluetooth bluez libbluetooth-dev libudev-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev
Make sure node
is on your path, if it's not, some options:
- symlink
nodejs
tonode
:sudo ln -s /usr/bin/nodejs /usr/bin/node
- install Node.js using the NodeSource package
sudo yum install bluez bluez-libs bluez-libs-devel
See Configure Intel Edison for Bluetooth LE (Smart) Development
Make sure you have GNU Make:
sudo pkg install gmake
Disable automatic loading of the default Bluetooth stack by putting no-ubt.conf into /usr/local/etc/devd/no-ubt.conf
and restarting devd (sudo service devd restart
).
Unload ng_ubt
kernel module if already loaded:
sudo kldunload ng_ubt
Make sure you have read and write permissions on the /dev/usb/*
device that corresponds to your Bluetooth adapter.
- node-gyp requirements for Windows
- Python 2.7
- Visual Studio (Express)
- node-bluetooth-hci-socket prerequisites
- Compatible Bluetooth 4.0 USB adapter
- WinUSB driver setup for Bluetooth 4.0 USB adapter, using Zadig tool
// Promise-based
await bleno.waitForPoweredOnAsync(timeout: number); // timeout in milliseconds
// Callback-based
bleno.setAddress('00:11:22:33:44:55'); // set adapter's mac address
// Promise-based
await bleno.setAddressAsync('00:11:22:33:44:55');
NOTE: Currently this feature is only supported on HCI as it's using vendor specific commands. Source of the commands is based on the BlueZ bdaddr.c.
NOTE: bleno.state
must be poweredOn
before address can be set. bleno.on('stateChange', callback(state));
can be used to listen for state change events.
NOTE: bleno.state
must be poweredOn
before advertising is started. bleno.on('stateChange', callback(state));
can be used register for state change events.
// Callback-based
var name = 'name';
var serviceUuids = ['fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0']
bleno.startAdvertising(name, serviceUuids[, callback(error)]);
// Promise-based
await bleno.startAdvertisingAsync(name, serviceUuids);
Note:: there are limits on the name and service UUID's
- name
- maximum 26 bytes
- service UUID's
- 1 128-bit service UUID
- 1 128-bit service UUID + 2 16-bit service UUID's
- 7 16-bit service UUID
// Callback-based
var uuid = 'e2c56db5dffb48d2b060d0f5a71096e0';
var major = 0; // 0x0000 - 0xffff
var minor = 0; // 0x0000 - 0xffff
var measuredPower = -59; // -128 - 127
bleno.startAdvertisingIBeacon(uuid, major, minor, measuredPower[, callback(error)]);
// Promise-based
await bleno.startAdvertisingIBeaconAsync(uuid, major, minor, measuredPower);
Notes::
- OS X:
- in iBeacon mode your peripheral is non-connectable!
// Callback-based
var scanData = Buffer.alloc(...); // maximum 31 bytes
var advertisementData = Buffer.alloc(...); // maximum 31 bytes
bleno.startAdvertisingWithEIRData(advertisementData[, scanData, callback(error)]);
// Promise-based
await bleno.startAdvertisingWithEIRDataAsync(advertisementData[, scanData]);
- For EIR format section Bluetooth Core Specification sections and 8 and 18 for more information the data format.
// Callback-based
bleno.stopAdvertising([callback]);
// Promise-based
await bleno.stopAdvertisingAsync();
Set the primary services available on the peripheral.
// Callback-based
var services = [
... // see PrimaryService for data type
];
bleno.setServices(services[, callback(error)]);
// Promise-based
await bleno.setServicesAsync(services);
bleno.disconnect(); // Linux only
// Callback-based
bleno.updateRssi([callback(error, rssi)]); // not available in OS X 10.9
// Promise-based
const rssi = await bleno.updateRssiAsync();
var PrimaryService = bleno.PrimaryService;
var primaryService = new PrimaryService({
uuid: 'fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0', // or 'fff0' for 16-bit
characteristics: [
// see Characteristic for data type
]
});
var Characteristic = bleno.Characteristic;
var characteristic = new Characteristic({
uuid: 'fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1', // or 'fff1' for 16-bit
properties: [ ... ], // can be a combination of 'read', 'write', 'writeWithoutResponse', 'notify', 'indicate'
secure: [ ... ], // enable security for properties, can be a combination of 'read', 'write', 'writeWithoutResponse', 'notify', 'indicate'
value: null, // optional static value, must be of type Buffer - for read only characteristics
descriptors: [
// see Descriptor for data type
],
onReadRequest: null, // optional read request handler, function(handle, offset, callback) { ... }
onWriteRequest: null, // optional write request handler, function(handle, data, offset, withoutResponse, callback) { ...}
onSubscribe: null, // optional notify/indicate subscribe handler, function(handle, maxValueSize, updateValueCallback) { ...}
onUnsubscribe: null, // optional notify/indicate unsubscribe handler, function(handle) { ...}
onNotify: null, // optional notify sent handler, function(handle) { ...}
onIndicate: null // optional indicate confirmation received handler, function(handle) { ...}
});
With multi-connection support, each handler now receives a handle
parameter to identify which client connection is making the request:
// Example of a characteristic with multi-connection support
var multiConnectionCharacteristic = new Characteristic({
uuid: 'fff1',
properties: ['read', 'write', 'notify'],
onReadRequest: function(handle, offset, callback) {
console.log('Read request from connection: ' + handle);
// Process the read request for this specific connection
callback(Characteristic.RESULT_SUCCESS, Buffer.from('Data for connection ' + handle));
},
onWriteRequest: function(handle, data, offset, withoutResponse, callback) {
console.log('Write request from connection: ' + handle);
// Process the write request for this specific connection
console.log('Data received: ' + data.toString());
callback(Characteristic.RESULT_SUCCESS);
},
onSubscribe: function(handle, maxValueSize, updateValueCallback) {
console.log('Subscribe from connection: ' + handle);
// Store the callback for this specific connection to use later
// You might want to store these in a Map keyed by handle
connectionCallbacks.set(handle, updateValueCallback);
},
onUnsubscribe: function(handle) {
console.log('Unsubscribe from connection: ' + handle);
// Remove the callback for this connection
connectionCallbacks.delete(handle);
}
});
// Later, to notify a specific connection:
const callback = connectionCallbacks.get(someConnectionHandle);
if (callback) {
callback(Buffer.from('Notification for connection ' + someConnectionHandle));
}
- Characteristic.RESULT_SUCCESS
- Characteristic.RESULT_INVALID_OFFSET
- Characteristic.RESULT_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_LENGTH
- Characteristic.RESULT_UNLIKELY_ERROR
- Characteristic.RESULT_ATTR_NOT_LONG
Can specify read request handler via constructor options or by extending Characteristic and overriding onReadRequest.
Parameters to handler are
handle
(connection handle)offset
(0x0000 - 0xffff)callback
callback
must be called with result and data (of type Buffer
) - can be async.
var result = Characteristic.RESULT_SUCCESS;
var data = Buffer.alloc( ... );
callback(result, data);
Can specify write request handler via constructor options or by extending Characteristic and overriding onWriteRequest.
Parameters to handler are
handle
(connection handle)data
(Buffer)offset
(0x0000 - 0xffff)withoutResponse
(true | false)callback
.
callback
must be called with result code - can be async.
var result = Characteristic.RESULT_SUCCESS;
callback(result);
Can specify notify subscribe handler via constructor options or by extending Characteristic and overriding onSubscribe.
Parameters to handler are
handle
(connection handle)maxValueSize
(maximum data size)updateValueCallback
(callback to call when value has changed)
Can specify notify unsubscribe handler via constructor options or by extending Characteristic and overriding onUnsubscribe.
Parameters to handler are
handle
(connection handle)
Call the updateValueCallback
callback (see Notify subscribe), with an argument of type Buffer
Can specify notify sent handler via constructor options or by extending Characteristic and overriding onNotify.
Parameters to handler are
handle
(connection handle)
var Descriptor = bleno.Descriptor;
var descriptor = new Descriptor({
uuid: '2901',
value: 'value' // static value, must be of type Buffer or string if set
});
state = <"unknown" | "resetting" | "unsupported" | "unauthorized" | "poweredOff" | "poweredOn">
bleno.on('stateChange', callback(state));
bleno.on('platform', callback(platform));
bleno.on('addressChange', callback(address));
bleno.on('mtuChange', callback(mtu));
bleno.on('advertisingStart', callback(error));
bleno.on('advertisingStartError', callback(error));
bleno.on('advertisingStop', callback);
bleno.on('servicesSet', callback(error));
bleno.on('servicesSetError', callback(error));
bleno.on('accept', callback(address, handle)); // handle provided for multi-connection support
bleno.on('disconnect', callback(address, handle)); // handle provided for multi-connection support
bleno.on('rssiUpdate', callback(rssi));
Note: Make sure you've also checked the Linux Prerequisites
Run the following command:
sudo setcap cap_net_raw+eip $(eval readlink -f `which node`)
This grants the node
binary cap_net_raw
privileges, so it can start/stop BLE advertising.
Note: The above command requires setcap
to be installed, it can be installed using the following:
- apt:
sudo apt-get install libcap2-bin
- yum:
su -c \'yum install libcap2-bin\'
hci0
is used by default to override set the BLENO_HCI_DEVICE_ID
environment variable to the interface number.
Example, specify hci1
:
sudo BLENO_HCI_DEVICE_ID=1 node <your file>.js
By default bleno uses the hostname (require('os').hostname()
) as the value for the device name (0x2a00) characterisic, to match the behaviour of OS X.
A custom device name can be specified by setting the BLENO_DEVICE_NAME
environment variable:
sudo BLENO_DEVICE_NAME="custom device name" node <your file>.js
or
process.env['BLENO_DEVICE_NAME'] = 'custom device name';
bleno uses a 100 ms advertising interval by default.
A custom advertising interval can be specified by setting the BLENO_ADVERTISING_INTERVAL
environment variable with the desired value in milliseconds:
sudo BLENO_ADVERTISING_INTERVAL=500 node <your file>.js
Advertising intervals must be between 20 ms to 10 s (10,000 ms).
- Tools
- LightBlue for iOS/OS X
- nRF Master Control Panel (BLE) for Android
- hcitool and
gatttool
by BlueZ for Linux