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Akkadian UD
2

UD for Akkadian

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

  • In RIAO, sentence boundaries were arrived at by syntactically annotating the unsegmented corpus, and identifying words that are head words but are not themselves dependents of other words. The separate trees produced this way were considered to be separate sentences.
  • Words are only exceptionally delimited by whitespace or punctuation in the original cuneiform texts. Thus, RIAO is based on the bound transcription (normalized text).
  • Enclitic pronouns and clitics are separated during tokenization and marked as multi-word tokens with a syntactic relation.

Morphology

Tags

  • In RIAO, 13 universal tags have been used.
  • The tags AUX, INTJ, PUNCT and SYM were not used.
  • The words tagged PART are the emphatic lū, the quotation paricle mā, the clitics ma and ni, and the negation particles lā and ul.
  • The tag DET is used for the personal pronouns šī, šū, šâtu, šuāti/u, šâtunu, šuātunu when they modify the meaning of a noun; for the quantifiers gabbu, kalāma and kalû; for the demonstratives ammiu "that" and annû "this" and for the indefinite pronoun mimma "anything". The tag PRON is reserved for independent personal pronouns, including oblique forms (yâši, šuāšu) and possessives, as well as pronominal suffixes; for the relative pronoun ša "which, who"; for ammar in its function as a relative pronoun; for the indefinite pronoun mamma(n) "somebody" and the interrogatives mannu "who?" and mīnu "what?"

Nominal Features

  • Nominal words (NOUN, PROPN and PRON), adjectives (ADJ) and non-finite verbal forms have the subcategories:

  • Case with 3 possible values (nominative, accusative, genitive).

  • Number with 2 possible values (singular, plural).

  • Gender with 2 possible values (masculine, feminine).

  • Base, which can have four different values:

    • free (status rectus),
    • bound (status constructus),
    • suffixal (followed by pronominal suffixes) and
    • terminal (status absolutus).

Verbal Features

In RIAO, the following subcategories of verbs are annotated:

  • Finiteness (Finite, Infinitive, Stative),
  • Stem (G, D, Š, N, etc.),
  • Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Precative, Prohibitive),
  • Tense (Present, Past, Pgp), person (1, 2, 3),
  • Number (Singular, Plural) and
  • Gender (Masculine, Feminine).

We consider subordinative and ventive as subcategories of their own, which we tag as boolean values.

Syntax

Word order

For the most part, Akkadian word order is SOV.

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

  • Nominal subjects are in the nominative case without an adposition.
  • Usually objects occur in accusative case, but if not, their position after the subject is decisive. Due to emphasis, an object may also be fronted with the adposition ana but be then tagged as obl.
  • Prepositional objects are considered oblique.

Relations Overview

  • The following relation main types are not used in RIAO: aux, clf, compound, dislocated, expl, flat, orphan, punct, reparandum.
  • The following relation subtypes are used in Akkadian:
    • acl:relcl for relative clauses
    • advmod:emph for the particle lū in its asseverative function
    • det:poss for possessive determiners
    • nmod:poss for the construct state

Treebanks

There are 2 Akkadian UD treebanks: