Add authRequest field to AuthenticationException

Store the authentication request details in the `authRequest` field of
`AuthenticationException` when an authentication exception occurs.

Closes gh-16444

Signed-off-by: amm0124 <amm0124@naver.com>

Author: amm0124

core/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/core/AuthenticationException.java

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package org.springframework.security.core;
 
+import java.io.Serial;
+
 /**
  * Abstract superclass for all exceptions related to an {@link Authentication} object
  * being invalid for whatever reason.
@@ -24,6 +26,11 @@
  */
 public abstract class AuthenticationException extends RuntimeException {
 
+	@Serial
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 2018827803361503060L;
+
+	private final Authentication authRequest;
+
 	/**
 	 * Constructs an {@code AuthenticationException} with the specified message and root
 	 * cause.
@@ -32,6 +39,7 @@ public abstract class AuthenticationException extends RuntimeException {
 	 */
 	public AuthenticationException(String msg, Throwable cause) {
 		super(msg, cause);
+		this.authRequest = null;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -41,6 +49,12 @@ public AuthenticationException(String msg, Throwable cause) {
 	 */
 	public AuthenticationException(String msg) {
 		super(msg);
+		this.authRequest = null;
+	}
+
+	public AuthenticationException(String msg, Authentication authRequest) {
+		super(msg);
+		this.authRequest = authRequest;
 	}
 
 }