Add shar's algorithm

This is based on the D version by Alex Muscar, which was based on an
implementation in Writing Efficient Programs by Jon L. Bentley. It was
originally published by Knuth and is attributed to Shar.

https://muscar.eu/shar-binary-search-meta.html

Previously, I had mistaken the monobound binary search for a loop
version of Shar's algorithm, but after looking at them more deeply, I
realize that they are subtly different.

On my Ryzen 7 5800X, this will outperform the monobound binary search on
array sizes that are powers of 2 or near powers of 2.

Signed-off-by: Richard Yao <richard.yao@alumni.stonybrook.edu>

Author: ryao

binary_search.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /*
 	Copyright (C) 2014-2021 Igor van den Hoven ivdhoven@gmail.com
+	Copyright (C) 2023 Zettabyte Software LLC.
 */
 
 /*
@@ -523,6 +524,37 @@ int adaptive_binary_search(int *array, unsigned int array_size, int key)
 	return -1;
 }
 
+int shar_binary_search(int *array, unsigned int array_size, int key)
+{
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	switch (array_size)
+	{
+	default:
+		unsigned int u = sizeof (array_size) * 8 - __builtin_clz(2U*array_size-1U) - 2;
+		unsigned int p = 1U << (u);
+		i = (array[p] <= key) * (array_size - p);
+
+		++checks;
+
+		while (p >>= 1) {
+			++checks;
+			if (array[i + p] <= key)
+				i += p;
+		}
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		i = 0;
+		break;
+	case 0:
+		return -1;
+
+	}
+
+	++checks;
+	return (array[i] == key) ? i : -1;
+}
+
 // benchmark
 
 long long utime()
@@ -683,6 +715,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	run(monobound_quaternary_search);
 	run(monobound_interpolated_search);
 	run(adaptive_binary_search);
+	run(shar_binary_search);
 
 	// uneven distribution
 
@@ -701,6 +734,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	run(monobound_binary_search);
 	run(monobound_interpolated_search);
 	run(adaptive_binary_search);
+	run(shar_binary_search);
 
 	// sequential access, check stability while at it
 
@@ -726,6 +760,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	run(monobound_quaternary_search);
 	run(monobound_interpolated_search);
 	run(adaptive_binary_search);
+	run(shar_binary_search);
 
 	free(o_array);
 	free(r_array);