Move reporting recursion limit errors outside of the trait system

[jyn514]

This is the proper fix for the breakage in #79506 and #79459.

The steps are basically to find all of the places that create a OverflowError or SelectionError::Overflow and make sure that they are always early returned until outside of rustc_trait_selection::traits::{select, project}, at which point they should be emitted. Overflow errors should never be converted to any other kind of error (such as EvaluatedToRecur or EvaluatedToError)

Originally posted by @matthewjasper in #81055 (comment)

[jyn514]

@jonas-schievink I don't know if I would describe this as cleanup - this is blocking a major rustdoc feature: #79525

[jyn514]

I made a (very broken) start on this in master...jyn514:recover-overflow.

[koivunej]

Rebased the above as master...koivunej:recover-overflow-continued