Rollup merge of #70654 - oli-obk:subrepo_docs, r=Mark-Simulacrum

Explain how to work with subtree

cc #70651

r? @Centril @RalfJung

This PR just contains the usage documentation, we'll do actual moves in later PRs

Author: Dylan-DPC

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -188,7 +188,70 @@ with one another are rolled up.
 Speaking of tests, Rust has a comprehensive test suite. More information about
 it can be found [here][rctd].
 
-### External Dependencies
+### External Dependencies (subtree)
+
+As a developer to this repository, you don't have to treat the following external projects
+differently from other crates that are directly in this repo:
+
+* none so far, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/70651 for more info
+
+They are just regular files and directories. This is in contrast to `submodule` dependencies
+(see below for those). Only tool authors will actually use any operations here.
+
+#### Synchronizing a subtree
+
+There are two synchronization directions: `subtree push` and `subtree pull`.
+
+```
+git subtree push -P src/tools/clippy git@github.com:your-github-name/rust-clippy sync-from-rust
+```
+
+takes all the changes that
+happened to the copy in this repo and creates commits on the remote repo that match the local
+changes. Every local commit that touched the subtree causes a commit on the remote repo, but is
+modified to move the files from the specified directory to the tool repo root.
+
+Make sure to not pick the `master` branch on the tool repo, so you can open a normal PR to the tool
+to merge that subrepo push.
+
+```
+git subtree pull -P src/tools/clippy https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy master
+```
+
+takes all changes since the last `subtree pull` from the tool repo
+repo and adds these commits to the rustc repo + a merge commit that moves the tool changes into
+the specified directory in the rust repository.
+
+It is recommended that you always do a push first and get that merged to the tool master branch.
+Then, when you do a pull, the merge works without conflicts.
+While it's definitely possible to resolve conflicts during a pull, you may have to redo the conflict
+resolution if your PR doesn't get merged fast enough and there are new conflicts. Do not try to
+rebase the result of a `git subtree pull`, rebasing merge commits is a bad idea in general.
+
+You always need to specify the `-P` prefix to the subtree directory and the corresponding remote
+repository. If you specify the wrong directory or repository
+you'll get very fun merges that try to push the wrong directory to the wrong remote repository.
+Luckily you can just abort this without any consequences by throwing away either the pulled commits
+in rustc or the pushed branch on the remote and try again. It is usually fairly obvious
+that this is happening because you suddenly get thousands of commits that want to be synchronized.
+
+#### Creating a new subtree dependency
+
+If you want to create a new subtree dependency from an existing repository, call (from this
+repository's root directory!)
+
+```
+git subtree add -P src/tools/clippy https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy.git master
+```
+
+This will create a new commit, which you may not rebase under any circumstances! Delete the commit
+and redo the operation if you need to rebase.
+
+Now you're done, the `src/tools/clippy` directory behaves as if clippy were part of the rustc
+monorepo, so no one but you (or others that synchronize subtrees) actually needs to use `git subtree`.
+
+
+### External Dependencies (submodules)
 
 Currently building Rust will also build the following external projects:
 
@@ -221,7 +284,6 @@ before the PR is merged.
 
 Rust's build system builds a number of tools that make use of the
 internals of the compiler. This includes
-[Clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy),
 [RLS](https://github.com/rust-lang/rls) and
 [rustfmt](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt). If these tools
 break because of your changes, you may run into a sort of "chicken and egg"