Packer plugin for ARM images

This plugin lets you take an existing ARM image, and modify it on your x86 machine. It is optimized for raspberry pi use case - MBR partition table, with the file system partition being the last partition.

With this plugin, you can:

• Provision new ARM images from existing ones.
• Use ARM binaries for provisioning ('apt-get install' for example)
• Resize the last partition (the filesystem partition in the raspberry pi) in case you need more space than the default.

Tested for Raspbian images on built on Ubuntu 19.10. It is based partly on the chroot AWS provisioner, though the code was copied to prevent AWS dependencies.

How it works?

The plugin runs the provisioners in a chroot environment. Binary execution is done using qemu-arm-static, via binfmt_misc.

Dependencies:

This builder uses the following shell commands:

• kpartx - mapping the partitons to mountable devices
• qemu-user-static - Executing arm binaries

To install the needed binaries on derivatives of the Debian Linux variant:

sudo apt install kpartx qemu-user-static

Fedora:

sudo dnf install kpartx qemu-user-static

Other commands that are used are (that should already be installed) : mount, umount, cp, ls, chroot.

To resize the filesystem, the following commands are used:

• e2fsck
• resize2fs

To provide custom arguments to qemu-arm-static using the qemu_args config, gcc is required (to compile a C wrapper).

Note: resizing is only supported for the last active partition in an MBR partition table (as there is no need to move things).

This builder uses the following uses this kernel feature:

• support for /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc so that ARM binaries are automatically executed with qemu

Operation

This provisioner allows you to run packer provisioners on your ARM image locally. It does so by mounting the image on to the local file system, and then using chroot combined with binfmt_misc to the provisioners in a simulated ARM environment.

Configuration

To use, you need to provide an existing image that we will then modify. We re-use packer's support for downloading ISOs (though the image should not be an ISO file). Supporting also zipped images (enabling you downloading official raspbian images directly).

See raspbian_golang.json and builder.go for details.

Note if your image is arm64, set qemu_binary to qemu-aarch64-static in your configuration json file.

Compiling and Testing

Building

As this tool performs low-level OS manipulations - consider using a VM to run this code for isolation. While this is highly recommended, it is not mandatory.

This project uses go modules for dependencies introduced in Go 1.11. To build:

git clone https://github.com/solo-io/packer-builder-arm-image
cd packer-builder-arm-image
go mod download
go build

Running with Vagrant

This project includes a Vagrant file and helper script that build a VM run time environment. The run time environment has custom provisions to build an image in an iterative fashion (thanks to @tommie-lie for adding this feature).

To use the Vagrant environment, run the following commands:

git clone https://github.com/solo-io/packer-builder-arm-image
cd packer-builder-arm-image
vagrant up

To build an image edit samples/raspbian_golang.json (or set PACKERFILE to point to your json config), and use vagrant provision like so:

vagrant provision --provision-with build-image

The example config produces an image with go installed and extends the filesystem by 1GB.

That's it! Flash it and run!

Running with Docker

• Build the packer-builder-arm Docker image

docker build -t packer-builder-arm .

• Build the samples/raspbian_golang.json Packer image

docker run \
  --rm \
  --privileged \
  -v ${PWD}:/build:ro \
  -v ${PWD}/packer_cache:/build/packer_cache \
  -v ${PWD}/output-arm-image:/build/output-arm-image \
  packer-builder-arm build samples/raspbian_golang.json

Alternativly, you can use the docker.pkg.github.com/solo-io/packer-builder-arm-image/packer-builder-arm that's built off latest master:

docker run \
  --rm \
  --privileged \
  -v ${PWD}:/build:ro \
  -v ${PWD}/packer_cache:/build/packer_cache \
  -v ${PWD}/output-arm-image:/build/output-arm-image \
  docker.pkg.github.com/solo-io/packer-builder-arm-image/packer-builder-arm build samples/raspbian_golang.json

• Flashing your image

Follow the examples in the Flashing section of this document.

Running Standalone

packer build samples/raspbian_golang.json

Flashing

We have a post-processor stage for flashing.

Golang flasher

go build cmd/flasher/main.go

It will auto-detect most things and guides you with questions.

dd

(Tested on MacOS)

# find the identifier of the device you want to flash
diskutil list
# un-mount the disk
diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk2
# flash the image, go for a coffee
sudo dd bs=4m if=output-arm-image/image of=/dev/disk2
# eject the disk
diskutil eject /dev/disk2

Cookbook

Raspberry Pi

(see full examples in contrib folder) Add these provisioners to:

Enable ssh

{
  "type": "shell",
  "inline": ["touch /boot/ssh"]
}

Set WiFi password

set the user variables name wifi_name and wifi_password. then:

{
  "type": "shell",
  "inline": [
    "echo 'network={' >> /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf",
    "echo '    ssid=\"{{user `wifi_name`}}\"' >> /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf",
    "echo '    psk=\"{{user `wifi_password`}}\"' >> /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf",
    "echo '}' >> /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf"
    ]
}

Add ssh key to authorized keys, enable ssh, disable password login.

This example locks down the image to only use your current ssh key. Disabling password login makes it extra secure for networked environments. Note: this example requires you to run the plugin without a VM, as it copies your local ssh key.

{
  "variables": {
    "ssh_key_src": "{{env `HOME`}}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub",
    "image_home_dir": "/home/pi"
  },
  "builders": [
    {
      "type": "arm-image",
      "iso_url": "https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian_lite/images/raspbian_lite-2017-12-01/2017-11-29-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip",
      "iso_checksum_type": "sha256",
      "iso_checksum": "e942b70072f2e83c446b9de6f202eb8f9692c06e7d92c343361340cc016e0c9f"
    }
  ],
  "provisioners": [
    {
      "type": "shell",
      "inline": [
        "mkdir {{user `image_home_dir`}}/.ssh"
      ]
    },
    {
      "type": "file",
      "source": "{{user `ssh_key_src`}}",
      "destination": "{{user `image_home_dir`}}/.ssh/authorized_keys"
    },
    {
      "type": "shell",
      "inline": [
        "touch /boot/ssh"
      ]
    },
    {
      "type": "shell",
      "inline": [
        "sed '/PasswordAuthentication/d' -i /etc/ssh/ssh_config",
        "echo  >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config",
        "echo 'PasswordAuthentication no' >> /etc/ssh/ssh_config"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

A complete example:

See everything included in here: contrib/pi-secure-wifi-ssh.json. Build like so:

sudo packer build  -var wifi_name=SSID -var wifi_password=PASSWORD contrib/pi-secure-wifi-ssh.json
# or  if running from vagrant ssh:
sudo packer build  -var wifi_name=SSID -var wifi_password=PASSWORD /vagrant/contrib/pi-secure-wifi-ssh.json