Fix: Better error messages for references to undefined memory locations

[notmgsk]

Description

Provide a better error message when qc.run(binary, memory_map=...) includes:

• reference to undefined memory name; or
• more parameter values than are expected

Checklist

• The above description motivates these changes.
• There is a unit test that covers these changes.
• All new and existing tests pass locally and on Travis CI.
• Parameters and return values have type hints with PEP 484 syntax.
• Functions and classes have useful Sphinx-style docstrings.
• All code follows Black style and obeys flake8 conventions.
• (New Feature) The docs have been updated accordingly.
• (Bugfix) The associated issue is referenced above using auto-close keywords.
• The changelog is updated, including author and PR number (@username, gh-xxx).

[kalzoo]

Is len(patch[k.name]) supposed to be len(patch_values[k.name])?

On that note, it could be worth adding a simple test case. Even with 3.x in the works, 2.x will be in use for a long tail

[ameyer-rigetti]

@notmgsk Are you still interested in having this merged?