[3.9] bpo-42398: Fix "make regen-all" race condition (GH-23362)

[vstinner]

Fix a race condition in "make regen-all" when make -jN option is used
to run jobs in parallel. The clinic.py script now only use atomic
write to write files. Moveover, generated files are now left
unchanged if the content does not change, to not change the file
modification time.

The "make regen-all" command runs "make clinic" and "make
regen-importlib" targets:

• "make regen-importlib" builds object files (ex: Modules/_weakref.o)
  from source files (ex: Modules/_weakref.c) and clinic files (ex:
  Modules/clinic/_weakref.c.h)
• "make clinic" always rewrites all clinic files
  (ex: Modules/clinic/_weakref.c.h)

Since there is no dependency between "clinic" and "regen-importlib"
Makefile targets, these two targets can be run in parallel. Moreover,
half of clinic.py file writes are not atomic and so there is a race
condition when "make regen-all" runs jobs in parallel using make -jN
option (which can be passed in MAKEFLAGS environment variable).

Fix clinic.py to make all file writes atomic:

• Add write_file() function to ensure that all file writes are
  atomic: write into a temporary file and then use os.replace().
• Moreover, write_file() doesn't recreate or modify the file if the
  content does not change to avoid modifying the file modification
  file.
• Update test_clinic to verify these assertions with a functional
  test.
• Remove Clinic.force attribute which was no longer used, whereas
  Clinic.verify remains useful.

(cherry picked from commit 8fba952)

https://bugs.python.org/issue42398

[miss-islington]

Thanks @vstinner for the PR 🌮🎉.. I'm working now to backport this PR to: 3.8.
🐍🍒⛏🤖

[bedevere-bot]

GH-23371 is a backport of this pull request to the 3.8 branch.