gh-119786: copy compiler doc from devguide to InternalDocs and convert to markdown (#120134)

* gh-119876: move compiler doc from devguide to InternalDocs

Copy of python/devguide@78fc0d7

Co-Authored-By: Adam Turner <9087854+AA-Turner@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Adam Turner <9087854+aa-turner@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
Co-Authored-By: Carol Willing <carolcode@willingconsulting.com>
Co-Authored-By: Daniel Porteous <danielporteous1@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Dennis Sweeney <36520290+sweeneyde@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Éric Araujo <merwok@netwok.org>
Co-Authored-By: Erlend Egeberg Aasland <erlend.aasland@innova.no>
Co-Authored-By: Ezio Melotti <ezio.melotti@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
Co-Authored-By: Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
Co-Authored-By: Hugo van Kemenade <hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Irit Katriel <1055913+iritkatriel@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Jeff Allen <ja.py@farowl.co.uk>
Co-Authored-By: Jim Fasarakis-Hilliard <d.f.hilliard@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Ken Jin <28750310+Fidget-Spinner@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Lincoln <71312724+Lincoln-developer@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Mariatta <Mariatta@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: Muhammad Mahad <mahadpy@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Ned Deily <nad@acm.org>
Co-Authored-By: Pablo Galindo Salgado <Pablogsal@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Serhiy Storchaka <storchaka@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Stéphane Wirtel <stephane@wirtel.be>
Co-Authored-By: Suriyaa ✌️️ <isc.suriyaa@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Zachary Ware <zachary.ware@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: psyker156 <242220+psyker156@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: slateny <46876382+slateny@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: svelankar <17737361+svelankar@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-Authored-By: zikcheng <surfingbyte@gmail.com>

* convert to markdown

* add to index

* update more of the out of date stuff

---------

Co-authored-by: Adam Turner <9087854+AA-Turner@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Carol Willing <carolcode@willingconsulting.com>
Co-authored-by: Daniel Porteous <danielporteous1@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Dennis Sweeney <36520290+sweeneyde@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Éric Araujo <merwok@netwok.org>
Co-authored-by: Erlend Egeberg Aasland <erlend.aasland@innova.no>
Co-authored-by: Ezio Melotti <ezio.melotti@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Hugo van Kemenade <hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jeff Allen <ja.py@farowl.co.uk>
Co-authored-by: Jim Fasarakis-Hilliard <d.f.hilliard@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Ken Jin <28750310+Fidget-Spinner@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Lincoln <71312724+Lincoln-developer@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Mariatta <Mariatta@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Muhammad Mahad <mahadpy@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Ned Deily <nad@acm.org>
Co-authored-by: Pablo Galindo Salgado <Pablogsal@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Serhiy Storchaka <storchaka@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Stéphane Wirtel <stephane@wirtel.be>
Co-authored-by: Suriyaa ✌️️ <isc.suriyaa@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Zachary Ware <zachary.ware@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: psyker156 <242220+psyker156@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: slateny <46876382+slateny@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: svelankar <17737361+svelankar@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: zikcheng <surfingbyte@gmail.com>

Author: 28 people

InternalDocs/README.md

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ it is not, please report that through the
 [issue tracker](https://github.com/python/cpython/issues).
 
 
+[Compiler Design](compiler.md)
+
 [Exception Handling](exception_handling.md)
 
 [Adaptive Instruction Families](adaptive.md)