manylinux

Email: wheel-builders@python.org

Archives: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/wheel-builders

Older archives: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/manylinux-discuss

The goal of the manylinux project is to provide a convenient way to distribute binary Python extensions as wheels on Linux. This effort has produced PEP 513 which is further enhanced by PEP 571 and now PEP 599 defining manylinux2014_* platform tags.

PEP 513 defined manylinux1_x86_64 and manylinux1_i686 platform tags and the wheels were built on Centos5. Centos5 reached End of Life (EOL) on March 31st, 2017 and thus PEP 571 was proposed.

PEP 571 defined manylinux2010_x86_64 and manylinux2010_i686 platform tags and the wheels were built on Centos6. Centos6 will reach End of Life (EOL) on November 30th, 2020.

PEP 599 defines the following platform tags:

• manylinux2014_x86_64
• manylinux2014_i686
• manylinux2014_aarch64
• manylinux2014_armv7l
• manylinux2014_ppc64
• manylinux2014_ppc64le
• manylinux2014_s390x

Wheels are built on CentOS 7 which will reach End of Life (EOL) on June 30th, 2024.

Code and details regarding manylinux1 can be found here: manylinux1.

Code and details regarding manylinux2010 can be found here: manylinux2010.

Wheel packages compliant with those tags can be uploaded to PyPI (for instance with twine) and can be installed with pip 19.3 and later.

The manylinux2014 tags allow projects to distribute wheels that are automatically installed (and work!) on the vast majority of desktop and server Linux distributions.

This repository hosts several manylinux-related things:

Docker images

Building manylinux-compatible wheels is not trivial; as a general rule, binaries built on one Linux distro will only work on other Linux distros that are the same age or newer. Therefore, if we want to make binaries that run on most Linux distros, we have to use an old enough distro -- CentOS 7.

Rather than forcing you to install CentOS 7 yourself, install Python, etc., we provide Docker images where we've done the work for you. The images are uploaded to quay.io and are tagged for repeatable builds.

x86_64 image: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64

i686 image: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686

aarch64 image: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64

ppc64le image: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_ppc64le

s390x image: quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_s390x

These images are rebuilt using Travis-CI on every commit to this repository; see the docker/ directory for source code.

The images currently contain:

• CPython 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9, installed in /opt/python/<python tag>-<abi tag>. The directories are named after the PEP 425 tags for each environment -- e.g. /opt/python/cp35-cp35m contains a CPython 3.5 build, and can be used to produce wheels named like <pkg>-<version>-cp35-cp35m-<arch>.whl.
• Devel packages for all the libraries that PEP 599 allows you to assume are present on the host system
• The auditwheel tool

Note that starting with CPython 3.8, default sys.abiflags became an empty string: the m flag for pymalloc became useless (builds with and without pymalloc are ABI compatible) and so has been removed. (e.g. /opt/python/cp38-cp38)

Building Docker images

To build the Docker images, please run the following command from the current (root) directory:

$ PLATFORM=$(uname -m) TRAVIS_COMMIT=latest ./build.sh

Example

An example project which builds x86_64 wheels for each Python interpreter version can be found here: https://github.com/pypa/python-manylinux-demo. The repository also contains demo to build i686 and x86_64 wheels with manylinux1 tags.

This demonstrates how to use these docker images in conjunction with auditwheel to build manylinux-compatible wheels using the free travis ci continuous integration service.

(NB: for the i686 images running on a x86_64 host machine, it's necessary to run everything under the command line program linux32, which changes reported architecture in new program environment. See this example invocation)

The PEP itself

The official version of PEP 513 is stored in the PEP repository, but we also have our own copy here. This is where the PEP was originally written, so if for some reason you really want to see the full history of edits it went through, then this is the place to look.

The proposal to upgrade manylinux1 to manylinux2010 after Centos5 reached EOL was discussed in PEP 571.

The proposal to upgrade manylinux2010 to manylinux2014 was discussed in PEP 599.

This repo also has some analysis code that was used when putting together the original proposal in the policy-info/ directory.

If you want to read the full discussion that led to the original policy, then lots of that is here: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/manylinux-discuss

The distutils-sig archives for January 2016 also contain several threads.

Code of Conduct

Everyone interacting in the manylinux project's codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the PyPA Code of Conduct.