.str methods silenty cast input

[cmdlineluser]

Checks

• I have checked that this issue has not already been reported.
• I have confirmed this bug exists on the latest version of Polars.

Reproducible example

pl.select(pl.lit(1.5).str.replace("1", "2"))
# shape: (1, 1)
# ┌─────────┐
# │ literal │
# │ ---     │
# │ str     │
# ╞═════════╡
# │ 2.5     │
# └─────────┘

Log output

No response

Issue description

Originally .replace was mentioned in #18465

It seems certain .str methods cast their input instead of throwing an error.

pl.select(pl.date(2024, 1, 1).str.extract("(..)"))
# shape: (1, 1)
# ┌──────┐
# │ date │
# │ ---  │
# │ str  │
# ╞══════╡
# │ 19   │
# └──────┘

These all seem affected:

• .str.concat
• .str.contains
• .str.ends_with
• .str.extract
• .str.find
• .str.join
• .str.replace
• .str.replace_all
• .str.starts_with

Expected behavior

Should raise an exception?

pl.select(pl.lit(1.5).str.to_uppercase())
# SchemaError: invalid series dtype: expected `String`, got `f64`

Installed versions

--------Version info---------
Polars:               1.6.0
Index type:           UInt32
Platform:             macOS-13.6.1-arm64-arm-64bit
Python:               3.12.2 (main, Feb  6 2024, 20:19:44) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.1.0.2.5)]

----Optional dependencies----
adbc_driver_manager:  <not installed>
cloudpickle:          <not installed>
connectorx:           <not installed>
deltalake:            <not installed>
fastexcel:            <not installed>
fsspec:               <not installed>
gevent:               <not installed>
great_tables:         <not installed>
hvplot:               <not installed>
matplotlib:           <not installed>
nest_asyncio:         <not installed>
numpy:                1.26.4
openpyxl:             <not installed>
pandas:               2.2.1
pyarrow:              15.0.2
pydantic:             <not installed>
pyiceberg:            <not installed>
sqlalchemy:           <not installed>
torch:                <not installed>
xlsx2csv:             <not installed>
xlsxwriter:           <not installed>

[ritchie46]

Yeap.. Will fix it.