diff --git a/cookbook/examples/agents/03_itinerary_planner.py b/cookbook/examples/agents/03_itinerary_planner.py
index b6564f330..50c94c850 100644
--- a/cookbook/examples/agents/03_itinerary_planner.py
+++ b/cookbook/examples/agents/03_itinerary_planner.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
         "Ensure that the gathered data is accurate and tailored to the user's preferences, such as destination, group size, and budget constraints.",
         "Create a clear and concise itinerary that includes: detailed day-by-day travel plan, suggested transportation and accommodation options, activity recommendations (e.g., sightseeing, dining, events), an estimated cost breakdown (covering transportation, accommodation, food, and activities).",
         "If a particular website or travel option is unavailable, provide alternatives from other trusted sources.",
-        "Do not include direct links to external websites or booking platforms in the response."
+        "Do not include direct links to external websites or booking platforms in the response.",
     ],
 )
 
diff --git a/cookbook/vectordb/qdrant_db.py b/cookbook/vectordb/qdrant_db.py
index 10d2ee8eb..35b4f542a 100644
--- a/cookbook/vectordb/qdrant_db.py
+++ b/cookbook/vectordb/qdrant_db.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# pip install qdrant-client 
+# pip install qdrant-client
 from phi.vectordb.qdrant import Qdrant
 from phi.agent import Agent
 from phi.knowledge.pdf import PDFUrlKnowledgeBase
@@ -13,10 +13,7 @@
 """
 COLLECTION_NAME = "thai-recipes"
 
-vector_db = Qdrant(
-    collection=COLLECTION_NAME,
-    url="http://localhost:6333"
-)
+vector_db = Qdrant(collection=COLLECTION_NAME, url="http://localhost:6333")
 
 knowledge_base = PDFUrlKnowledgeBase(
     urls=["https://phi-public.s3.amazonaws.com/recipes/ThaiRecipes.pdf"],
@@ -27,4 +24,4 @@
 
 # Create and use the agent
 agent = Agent(knowledge_base=knowledge_base, use_tools=True, show_tool_calls=True)
-agent.print_response("List down the ingredients to make Massaman Gai", markdown=True)
\ No newline at end of file
+agent.print_response("List down the ingredients to make Massaman Gai", markdown=True)
diff --git a/phi/workspace/settings.py b/phi/workspace/settings.py
index a8a37dc65..b7a0845f8 100644
--- a/phi/workspace/settings.py
+++ b/phi/workspace/settings.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Optional, List, Dict
 
-from pydantic import field_validator, ValidationInfo
+from pydantic import field_validator, ValidationInfo, Field
 from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings, SettingsConfigDict
 
 from phi.api.schemas.workspace import WorkspaceSchema
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ class WorkspaceSettings(BaseSettings):
     aws_az4: Optional[str] = None
     aws_az5: Optional[str] = None
     # Public subnets. 1 in each AZ.
-    public_subnets: List[str] = []
+    public_subnets: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
     # Private subnets. 1 in each AZ.
-    private_subnets: List[str] = []
+    private_subnets: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
     # Subnet IDs. 1 in each AZ.
     # Derived from public and private subnets if not provided.
     subnet_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None