diff --git a/src/lib/crypto_key.ts b/src/lib/crypto_key.ts
index 4b822edcf9..bd0c936f68 100644
--- a/src/lib/crypto_key.ts
+++ b/src/lib/crypto_key.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from '../runtime/global.js'
+import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from '../runtime/env.js'
 
 function unusable(name: string | number, prop = 'algorithm.name') {
   return new TypeError(`CryptoKey does not support this operation, its ${prop} must be ${name}`)
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/asn1.ts b/src/runtime/browser/asn1.ts
index 44bfcb8219..498d162969 100644
--- a/src/runtime/browser/asn1.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/asn1.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import globalThis, { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './global.js'
+import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './env.js'
 import crypto, { isCryptoKey } from './webcrypto.js'
 import type { PEMExportFunction, PEMImportFunction } from '../interfaces.d'
 import invalidKeyInput from '../../lib/invalid_key_input.js'
@@ -85,8 +85,7 @@ const genericImport = async (
   let keyUsages: KeyUsage[]
 
   const keyData = new Uint8Array(
-    globalThis
-      .atob(pem.replace(replace, ''))
+    atob(pem.replace(replace, ''))
       .split('')
       .map((c) => c.charCodeAt(0)),
   )
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/base64url.ts b/src/runtime/browser/base64url.ts
index 89d6efad23..1ccb6b154d 100644
--- a/src/runtime/browser/base64url.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/base64url.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { encoder, decoder } from '../../lib/buffer_utils.js'
-import globalThis from './global.js'
 
 export const encodeBase64 = (input: Uint8Array | string) => {
   let unencoded = input
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ export const encodeBase64 = (input: Uint8Array | string) => {
     // @ts-expect-error
     arr.push(String.fromCharCode.apply(null, unencoded.subarray(i, i + CHUNK_SIZE)))
   }
-  return globalThis.btoa(arr.join(''))
+  return btoa(arr.join(''))
 }
 
 export const encode = (input: Uint8Array | string) => {
@@ -21,8 +20,7 @@ export const encode = (input: Uint8Array | string) => {
 
 export const decodeBase64 = (encoded: string): Uint8Array => {
   return new Uint8Array(
-    globalThis
-      .atob(encoded)
+    atob(encoded)
       .split('')
       .map((c) => c.charCodeAt(0)),
   )
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/env.ts b/src/runtime/browser/env.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52195baf02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/env.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+export function isCloudflareWorkers(): boolean {
+  // @ts-expect-error
+  return typeof WebSocketPair === 'function'
+}
+
+export function isNodeJs(): boolean {
+  try {
+    // @deno-expect-error
+    return process.versions.node !== undefined
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/fetch_jwks.ts b/src/runtime/browser/fetch_jwks.ts
index d8a9bcfab6..0de56218a5 100644
--- a/src/runtime/browser/fetch_jwks.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/fetch_jwks.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { FetchFunction } from '../interfaces.d'
 import { JOSEError, JWKSTimeout } from '../../util/errors.js'
-import globalThis, { isCloudflareWorkers } from './global.js'
+import { isCloudflareWorkers } from './env.js'
 
 const fetchJwks: FetchFunction = async (url: URL, timeout: number) => {
   let controller!: AbortController
@@ -14,23 +14,21 @@ const fetchJwks: FetchFunction = async (url: URL, timeout: number) => {
     }, timeout)
   }
 
-  const response = await globalThis
-    .fetch(url.href, {
-      signal: controller ? controller.signal : undefined,
-      redirect: 'manual',
-      method: 'GET',
-      ...(!isCloudflareWorkers()
-        ? {
-            referrerPolicy: 'no-referrer',
-            credentials: 'omit',
-            mode: 'cors',
-          }
-        : undefined),
-    })
-    .catch((err) => {
-      if (timedOut) throw new JWKSTimeout()
-      throw err
-    })
+  const response = await fetch(url.href, {
+    signal: controller ? controller.signal : undefined,
+    redirect: 'manual',
+    method: 'GET',
+    ...(!isCloudflareWorkers()
+      ? {
+          referrerPolicy: 'no-referrer',
+          credentials: 'omit',
+          mode: 'cors',
+        }
+      : undefined),
+  }).catch((err) => {
+    if (timedOut) throw new JWKSTimeout()
+    throw err
+  })
 
   if (id !== undefined) clearTimeout(id)
 
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/generate.ts b/src/runtime/browser/generate.ts
index e6939bbb31..48c1732085 100644
--- a/src/runtime/browser/generate.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/generate.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './global.js'
+import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './env.js'
 import crypto from './webcrypto.js'
 import { JOSENotSupported } from '../../util/errors.js'
 import random from './random.js'
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/global.ts b/src/runtime/browser/global.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b0b3718c08..0000000000
--- a/src/runtime/browser/global.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-function getGlobal() {
-  if (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined') return globalThis
-  if (typeof self !== 'undefined') return self
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') return window
-  throw new Error('unable to locate global object')
-}
-
-export default getGlobal()
-export function isCloudflareWorkers(): boolean {
-  try {
-    // @ts-expect-error
-    return getGlobal().WebSocketPair !== undefined
-  } catch {
-    return false
-  }
-}
-export function isNodeJs(): boolean {
-  try {
-    // @deno-expect-error
-    return getGlobal().process?.versions?.node !== undefined
-  } catch {
-    return false
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/jwk_to_key.ts b/src/runtime/browser/jwk_to_key.ts
index d5e6502f41..e74665a2aa 100644
--- a/src/runtime/browser/jwk_to_key.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/jwk_to_key.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './global.js'
+import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './env.js'
 import crypto from './webcrypto.js'
 import type { JWKImportFunction } from '../interfaces.d'
 import { JOSENotSupported } from '../../util/errors.js'
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/subtle_dsa.ts b/src/runtime/browser/subtle_dsa.ts
index af31b667a2..2e1840c469 100644
--- a/src/runtime/browser/subtle_dsa.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/subtle_dsa.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './global.js'
+import { isCloudflareWorkers, isNodeJs } from './env.js'
 import { JOSENotSupported } from '../../util/errors.js'
 
 export default function subtleDsa(alg: string, namedCurve?: string) {
diff --git a/src/runtime/browser/webcrypto.ts b/src/runtime/browser/webcrypto.ts
index 1ec3cb9162..026bc29887 100644
--- a/src/runtime/browser/webcrypto.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/browser/webcrypto.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
-import globalThis from './global.js'
-
-export default globalThis.crypto
+export default crypto
 
 export function isCryptoKey(key: unknown): key is CryptoKey {
-  if (typeof globalThis.CryptoKey === 'undefined') {
+  try {
+    return (
+      key != null &&
+      typeof (<CryptoKey>key).extractable === 'boolean' &&
+      typeof (<CryptoKey>key).algorithm.name === 'string' &&
+      typeof (<CryptoKey>key).type === 'string'
+    )
+  } catch {
     return false
   }
-  return key != null && key instanceof globalThis.CryptoKey
 }
diff --git a/src/runtime/node/global.ts b/src/runtime/node/env.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/runtime/node/global.ts
rename to src/runtime/node/env.ts