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CLOCs: Camera-LiDAR Object Candidates Fusion for 3D Object Detection

CLOCs is a novel Camera-LiDAR Object Candidates fusion network. It provides a low-complexity multi-modal fusion framework that improves the performance of single-modality detectors. CLOCs operates on the combined output candidates of any 3D and any 2D detector, and is trained to produce more accurate 3D and 2D detection results.

CLOCs achieves new best performance in KITTI 3D detection leaderboard (82.28%) through fusing CT3D and Cascade-RCNN, code will be updated soon.

Environment

Tested on python3.6/3.7, pytorch 1.1.0/1.7.1, Ubuntu 16.04/18.04.

Performance on KITTI validation set (3712 training, 3769 validation)

CLOCs_SecCas (SECOND+Cascade-RCNN) VS SECOND:

new 40 recall points
Car:      Easy@0.7       Moderate@0.7   Hard@0.7
bbox: AP: 99.33 / 97.87, 93.75 / 92.37, 92.89 / 89.87
bev:  AP: 96.51 / 95.61, 92.37 / 89.54, 89.41 / 86.96
3d:   AP: 92.74 / 90.97, 82.90 / 79.94, 77.75 / 77.09

old 11 recall points
Car:      Easy@0.7       Moderate@0.7   Hard@0.7
bev:  AP: 90.52 / 90.36, 89.29 / 88.10, 87.84 / 86.80
3d:   AP: 89.49 / 88.31, 79.31 / 77.99, 77.36 / 76.52

Pedestrian and Cyclist Results vs. SECOND:

Using CLOCs_SecCas (SECOND+Cascade-RCNN) trained on KITTI validation set for Pedestrians/Cyclists

Pedestrian:    Easy@0.5     Moderate@0.5    Hard@0.5
bbox:    AP:  74.57/58.26   70.81/54.14    62.51/50.03
bev:     AP:  68.26/61.97   62.92/56.77    56.51/51.27
3d:      AP:  62.88/58.01   56.20/51.88    50.10/47.05

Cyclist:       Easy@0.5     Moderate@0.5    Hard@0.5
bbox:    AP:  96.17/87.65   80.25/63.11    75.61/60.72
bev:     AP:  91.42/81.91   71.52/59.36    67.05/55.53
3d:      AP:  87.57/78.50   67.92/56.74    63.67/52.83

To Do

  • Update the codebase to support other 3D detectors (PV-RCNN and CT3D)
  • Support fusion for pedestrian and cyclists on KITTI.
  • Support easier testing for other 2D and 3D detectors, clean the code, remove unrelated environment setups to make the code easier to use.

Install

The code is developed based on SECOND-1.5, please follow the SECOND-1.5 to setup the environment, the dependences for SECOND-1.5 are needed.

pip install shapely fire pybind11 tensorboardX protobuf scikit-image numba pillow

Follow the instructions to install spconv v1.0 (commit 8da6f96). Although CLOCs fusion does not need spconv, but SECOND codebase expects it to be correctly configured.

Then adding the CLOCs directory to your PYTHONPATH, you could add the following line (change '/dir/to/your/CLOCs/' according to your CLOCs directory) in your .bashrc under home directory.

export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:'/dir/to/your/CLOCs/'

Pre-trained Models

Pretrained Models used for inference on Car, Pedestrian, and Cyclist detections can be found here.

Prepare dataset (KITTI)

Download KITTI dataset and organize the files as follows:

└── KITTI_DATASET_ROOT
       ├── training    <-- 7481 train data
       |   ├── image_2 <-- for visualization
       |   ├── calib
       |   ├── label_2
       |   ├── velodyne
       |   └── velodyne_reduced <-- empty directory
       └── testing     <-- 7518 test data
       |   ├── image_2 <-- for visualization
       |   ├── calib
       |   ├── velodyne
       |   └── velodyne_reduced <-- empty directory
       └── kitti_dbinfos_train.pkl
       ├── kitti_infos_train.pkl
       ├── kitti_infos_test.pkl
       ├── kitti_infos_val.pkl
       └── kitti_infos_trainval.pkl

Next, you could follow the SECOND-1.5 instructions to create kitti infos, reduced point cloud and groundtruth-database infos, or just download these files from here and put them in the correct directories as shown above.

Fusion of SECOND and Cascade-RCNN

Preparation

CLOCs operates on the combined output of a 3D detector and a 2D detector. For this example, we use SECOND as the 3D detector, Cascade-RCNN as the 2D detector.

  1. For this example, we use detections with sigmoid scores, you could download the Cascade-RCNN detections for the KITTI train and validations set from here file name:'cascade_rcnn_sigmoid_data', or you could run the 2D detector by your self and save the results for the fusion. You could also use your own 2D detector to generate these 2D detections and save them in KITTI format for fusion.

  2. Then download the pretrained SECOND models from here file name: 'second_model.zip', create an empty directory named model_dir under your CLOCs root directory and unzip the files to model_dir. Your CLOCs directory should look like this:

└── CLOCs
       ├── d2_detection_data    <-- 2D detection candidates data
       ├── model_dir       <-- SECOND pretrained weights extracted from 'second_model.zip' 
       ├── second 
       ├── torchplus 
       ├── README.md
  1. Then modify the config file carefully:
train_input_reader: {
  ...
  database_sampler {
    database_info_path: "/dir/to/your/kitti_dbinfos_train.pkl"
    ...
  }
  kitti_info_path: "/dir/to/your/kitti_infos_train.pkl"
  kitti_root_path: "/dir/to/your/KITTI_DATASET_ROOT"
}
...
train_config: {
  ...
  detection_2d_path: "/dir/to/2d_detection/data"
}
...
eval_input_reader: {
  ...
  kitti_info_path: "/dir/to/your/kitti_infos_val.pkl"
  kitti_root_path: "/dir/to/your/KITTI_DATASET_ROOT"
}

Train

python ./pytorch/train.py train --config_path=./configs/car.fhd.config --model_dir=/dir/to/your_model_dir

The trained models and related information will be saved in '/dir/to/your_model_dir'

Common Errors & Solutions

File "./pytorch/train.py", line 869, in predict_v2
    opp_labels = (box_preds[..., -1] > 0) ^ dir_labels.byte()
RuntimeError: result type Byte can't be cast to the desired output type Bool

Solution: change opp_labels = (box_preds[..., -1] > 0) ^ dir_labels.byte() into opp_labels = (box_preds[..., -1] > 0) ^ dir_labels.to(torch.bool). This is because SECOND-V1.5 is written in older pytorch and you have a newer version.

If you have too much NumbaWarning output messages during training/inferece that looks annoying, adding the following code at the beginning of train.py to ignore them:

from numba.core.errors import NumbaDeprecationWarning, NumbaPendingDeprecationWarning,NumbaPerformanceWarning,NumbaWarning
import warnings
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=NumbaDeprecationWarning)
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=NumbaPendingDeprecationWarning)
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=NumbaPerformanceWarning)
warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=NumbaWarning)
warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

Evaluation

python ./pytorch/train.py evaluate --config_path=./configs/car.fhd.config --model_dir=/dir/to/your/trained_model --measure_time=True --batch_size=1

For example if you want to test the pretrained model downloaded from here file name: 'CLOCs_SecCas_pretrained.zip', unzip it, then you could run:

python ./pytorch/train.py evaluate --config_path=./configs/car.fhd.config --model_dir=/dir/to/your/CLOCs_SecCas_pretrained --measure_time=True --batch_size=1

If you want to export KITTI format label files, add pickle_result=False at the end of the above commamd.

Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection

Step 0: Download Pretrained Models

If you want to utilize the already trained models, please consult the "Pre-trained Models" section above.

Step 1: Prepare the Config Files

Under the ./configs directory, edit the file pedestrian.fhd.config or cyclist.fhd.config:

  • Change the value of detection_2d_path to your pedestrian 2D detections.
  • Set steps and steps_per_eval to your desired value (tweak based on training set size, for example, if we have 3712 training examples, setting “steps” equal to 74240 (3712 x 20) means training for 20 epochs. “steps_per_eval” means the step interval for each evaluation, for example, if you set “steps_per_eval” to 3712, it means doing evaluation for each epoch.)

Step 2: Modifying train.py

Edit {CLOCs_directory}/second/pytorch/train.py:

  • Replace the paremeters in every instance of net = build_inference_net('./configs/car.fhd.config', '../model_dir') as it appears in the file to point towards the pedestrian/cyclist config. Additionally, ensure that the model directory points to a directory that contins the SECOND-V1.5 pretrained model for pedestrians/cyclists.
  • In the train function, around line 258, change the iou_bev_max conditional in the assignment of variables target_for_fusion, positive_index, and negative_index to 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25 respectfully. The negative index value can be changed in training to alter results, but the final performance difference is not large.

Step 3: Modifying voxelnet.py

In the file {CLOCs_directory}/scond/pytorch/models/voxelnet.py:

  • Around line 393, change predicted_class_index = np.where(predicted_class=='Car') to whichever detection you want, aka 'Pedestrian' or 'Cyclist'
  • Around line 395, chnage the line score = np.array([float(x[15]) for x in content]) to score = np.array([float(x[15]) for x in content])/{score scale} if your 2D detections use a score scale different that 0-1.0
  • If desired, you can also change the score threshold for 2D detections around line 398. Change the -100, which denotes no thresholding, in the line top_predictions = middle_predictions[np.where(middle_predictions[:,4]>=-100)] to a decimal score threshold between 0.0 and 1.0.

Step 4: Modify the Terminal Command

Run the normal terminal command for training, python ./pytorch/train.py train --config_path={config file path} --model_dir={model directory}, pointing towards the config file we edited earlier, and the model directory with the SECOND-V1.5 pretrained model for Pedestrians/Cyclists

Fusion of other 3D and 2D detectors

Step 1: Prepare the 2D detection candidates, run your 2D detector and save the results in KITTI format. It is recommended to run inference with NMS score threshold equals to 0 (no score thresholding), but if you don't know how to setup this, it is also fine for CLOCs.

Step 2: Prepare the 3D detection candidates, run your 3D detector and save the results in the format that SECOND could read, including a matrix with shape of N by 7 that contains the N 3D bounding boxes, and a N-element vector for the 3D confidence scores. 7 parameters correspond to the representation of a 3D bounding box. Be careful with the order and coordinate of the 7 parameters, if the parameters are in LiDAR coordinate, the order should be x, y, z, width, length, height, heading; if the parameters are in camera coordinate, the orderr should be x, y, z, lenght, height, width, heading. The details of the transformation functions can be found in file './second/pytorch/core/box_torch_ops.py'.

Step 3: Since the number of detection candidates are different for different 2D/3D detectors, you need to modify the corresponding parameters in the CLOCs code. Then train the CLOCs fusion. For example, there are 70400 (200x176x2) detection candidates in each frame from SECOND with batch size equals to 1. It is a very large number because SECOND is a one-stage detector, for other multi-stage detectors, you could just take the detection candidates before the final NMS function, that would reduce the number of detection candidates to hundreds or thousands.

Step 4: The output of CLOCs are fused confidence scores for all the 3D detection candidates, so you need to replace the old confidence scores (from your 3D detector) with the new fused confidence scores from CLOCs for post processing and evaluation. Then these 3D detection candidates with the corresponding CLOCs fused scores are treated as the input for your 3D detector post processing functions to generate final predictions for evaluation.

Citation

If you find this work useful in your research, please consider citing:

@article{pang2020clocs,
  title={CLOCs: Camera-LiDAR Object Candidates Fusion for 3D Object Detection},
  author={Pang, Su and Morris, Daniel and Radha, Hayder},
  booktitle={2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)},
  year={2020}
  organization={IEEE}
}

Acknowledgement

Our code are mainly based on SECOND, thanks for their excellent work!