diff --git a/src/helpers/zod.ts b/src/helpers/zod.ts
index ed83d3510..a7b45268d 100644
--- a/src/helpers/zod.ts
+++ b/src/helpers/zod.ts
@@ -8,8 +8,12 @@ import {
 } from '../lib/parser';
 import { zodToJsonSchema as _zodToJsonSchema } from '../_vendor/zod-to-json-schema';
 
-function zodToJsonSchema(schema: z.ZodType): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return _zodToJsonSchema(schema, { openaiStrictMode: true });
+function zodToJsonSchema(schema: z.ZodType, options: { name: string }): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return _zodToJsonSchema(schema, {
+    openaiStrictMode: true,
+    name: options.name,
+    nameStrategy: 'duplicate-ref',
+  });
 }
 
 /**
@@ -61,7 +65,7 @@ export function zodResponseFormat<ZodInput extends z.ZodType>(
         ...props,
         name,
         strict: true,
-        schema: zodToJsonSchema(zodObject),
+        schema: zodToJsonSchema(zodObject, { name }),
       },
     },
     (content) => zodObject.parse(JSON.parse(content)),
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@ export function zodFunction<Parameters extends z.ZodType>(options: {
       type: 'function',
       function: {
         name: options.name,
-        parameters: zodToJsonSchema(options.parameters),
+        parameters: zodToJsonSchema(options.parameters, { name: options.name }),
         strict: true,
         ...(options.description ? { description: options.description } : undefined),
       },
diff --git a/tests/lib/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap b/tests/lib/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap
index 1eac9db47..e6f2799af 100644
--- a/tests/lib/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap
+++ b/tests/lib/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap
@@ -27,3 +27,31 @@ exports[`.parse() zod deserialises response_format 1`] = `
 }
 "
 `;
+
+exports[`.parse() zod top-level recursive schemas 1`] = `
+"{
+  "id": "chatcmpl-9taiMDrRVRIkk1Xg1yE82UjnYuZjt",
+  "object": "chat.completion",
+  "created": 1723036198,
+  "model": "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+  "choices": [
+    {
+      "index": 0,
+      "message": {
+        "role": "assistant",
+        "content": "{\\"type\\":\\"form\\",\\"label\\":\\"User Profile Form\\",\\"children\\":[{\\"type\\":\\"field\\",\\"label\\":\\"Full Name\\",\\"children\\":[],\\"attributes\\":[{\\"name\\":\\"type\\",\\"value\\":\\"text\\"},{\\"name\\":\\"placeholder\\",\\"value\\":\\"Enter your full name\\"}]},{\\"type\\":\\"field\\",\\"label\\":\\"Email Address\\",\\"children\\":[],\\"attributes\\":[{\\"name\\":\\"type\\",\\"value\\":\\"email\\"},{\\"name\\":\\"placeholder\\",\\"value\\":\\"Enter your email address\\"}]},{\\"type\\":\\"field\\",\\"label\\":\\"Phone Number\\",\\"children\\":[],\\"attributes\\":[{\\"name\\":\\"type\\",\\"value\\":\\"tel\\"},{\\"name\\":\\"placeholder\\",\\"value\\":\\"Enter your phone number\\"}]},{\\"type\\":\\"button\\",\\"label\\":\\"Submit\\",\\"children\\":[],\\"attributes\\":[{\\"name\\":\\"type\\",\\"value\\":\\"submit\\"}]}],\\"attributes\\":[{\\"name\\":\\"method\\",\\"value\\":\\"post\\"},{\\"name\\":\\"action\\",\\"value\\":\\"/submit-profile\\"}]}",
+        "refusal": null
+      },
+      "logprobs": null,
+      "finish_reason": "stop"
+    }
+  ],
+  "usage": {
+    "prompt_tokens": 38,
+    "completion_tokens": 168,
+    "total_tokens": 206
+  },
+  "system_fingerprint": "fp_845eaabc1f"
+}
+"
+`;
diff --git a/tests/lib/parser.test.ts b/tests/lib/parser.test.ts
index 0cd07134a..118954492 100644
--- a/tests/lib/parser.test.ts
+++ b/tests/lib/parser.test.ts
@@ -44,5 +44,228 @@ describe('.parse()', () => {
         }
       `);
     });
+
+    test('top-level recursive schemas', async () => {
+      const UI: any = z.lazy(() =>
+        z.object({
+          type: z.enum(['div', 'button', 'header', 'section', 'field', 'form']),
+          label: z.string(),
+          children: z.array(UI),
+          attributes: z.array(
+            z.object({
+              name: z.string(),
+              value: z.string(),
+            }),
+          ),
+        }),
+      );
+
+      const completion = await makeSnapshotRequest((openai) =>
+        openai.beta.chat.completions.parse({
+          model: 'gpt-4o-2024-08-06',
+          messages: [
+            {
+              role: 'system',
+              content: 'You are a UI generator AI. Convert the user input into a UI.',
+            },
+            { role: 'user', content: 'Make a User Profile Form with 3 fields' },
+          ],
+          response_format: zodResponseFormat(UI, 'ui'),
+        }),
+      );
+
+      expect(completion.choices[0]?.message).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+        {
+          "content": "{"type":"form","label":"User Profile Form","children":[{"type":"field","label":"Full Name","children":[],"attributes":[{"name":"type","value":"text"},{"name":"placeholder","value":"Enter your full name"}]},{"type":"field","label":"Email Address","children":[],"attributes":[{"name":"type","value":"email"},{"name":"placeholder","value":"Enter your email address"}]},{"type":"field","label":"Phone Number","children":[],"attributes":[{"name":"type","value":"tel"},{"name":"placeholder","value":"Enter your phone number"}]},{"type":"button","label":"Submit","children":[],"attributes":[{"name":"type","value":"submit"}]}],"attributes":[{"name":"method","value":"post"},{"name":"action","value":"/submit-profile"}]}",
+          "parsed": {
+            "attributes": [
+              {
+                "name": "method",
+                "value": "post",
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "action",
+                "value": "/submit-profile",
+              },
+            ],
+            "children": [
+              {
+                "attributes": [
+                  {
+                    "name": "type",
+                    "value": "text",
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "name": "placeholder",
+                    "value": "Enter your full name",
+                  },
+                ],
+                "children": [],
+                "label": "Full Name",
+                "type": "field",
+              },
+              {
+                "attributes": [
+                  {
+                    "name": "type",
+                    "value": "email",
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "name": "placeholder",
+                    "value": "Enter your email address",
+                  },
+                ],
+                "children": [],
+                "label": "Email Address",
+                "type": "field",
+              },
+              {
+                "attributes": [
+                  {
+                    "name": "type",
+                    "value": "tel",
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "name": "placeholder",
+                    "value": "Enter your phone number",
+                  },
+                ],
+                "children": [],
+                "label": "Phone Number",
+                "type": "field",
+              },
+              {
+                "attributes": [
+                  {
+                    "name": "type",
+                    "value": "submit",
+                  },
+                ],
+                "children": [],
+                "label": "Submit",
+                "type": "button",
+              },
+            ],
+            "label": "User Profile Form",
+            "type": "form",
+          },
+          "refusal": null,
+          "role": "assistant",
+          "tool_calls": [],
+        }
+      `);
+
+      expect(zodResponseFormat(UI, 'ui').json_schema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+        {
+          "name": "ui",
+          "schema": {
+            "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "definitions": {
+              "ui": {
+                "additionalProperties": false,
+                "properties": {
+                  "attributes": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "additionalProperties": false,
+                      "properties": {
+                        "name": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                        },
+                        "value": {
+                          "type": "string",
+                        },
+                      },
+                      "required": [
+                        "name",
+                        "value",
+                      ],
+                      "type": "object",
+                    },
+                    "type": "array",
+                  },
+                  "children": {
+                    "items": {
+                      "$ref": "#/definitions/ui",
+                    },
+                    "type": "array",
+                  },
+                  "label": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                  },
+                  "type": {
+                    "enum": [
+                      "div",
+                      "button",
+                      "header",
+                      "section",
+                      "field",
+                      "form",
+                    ],
+                    "type": "string",
+                  },
+                },
+                "required": [
+                  "type",
+                  "label",
+                  "children",
+                  "attributes",
+                ],
+                "type": "object",
+              },
+            },
+            "properties": {
+              "attributes": {
+                "items": {
+                  "additionalProperties": false,
+                  "properties": {
+                    "name": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                    },
+                    "value": {
+                      "type": "string",
+                    },
+                  },
+                  "required": [
+                    "name",
+                    "value",
+                  ],
+                  "type": "object",
+                },
+                "type": "array",
+              },
+              "children": {
+                "items": {
+                  "$ref": "#/definitions/ui",
+                },
+                "type": "array",
+              },
+              "label": {
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+              "type": {
+                "enum": [
+                  "div",
+                  "button",
+                  "header",
+                  "section",
+                  "field",
+                  "form",
+                ],
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "type",
+              "label",
+              "children",
+              "attributes",
+            ],
+            "type": "object",
+          },
+          "strict": true,
+        }
+      `);
+    });
   });
 });