doc: improvements to console.markdown copy

Several improvements including a few new examples

PR-URL: #4428
Reviewed-By: Stephen Belanger <admin@stephenbelanger.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Evan Lucas <evanlucas@me.com>

doc/api/console.markdown

@@ -2,29 +2,79 @@
 
     Stability: 2 - Stable
 
-The module defines a `Console` class and exports a `console` object.
+The `console` module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the
+JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.
 
-The `console` object is a special instance of `Console` whose output is
-sent to stdout or stderr.
+The module exports two specific components:
 
-For ease of use, `console` is defined as a global object and can be used
-directly without `require`.
+* A `Console` class with methods such as `console.log()`, `console.error()` and
+  `console.warn()` that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
+* A global `console` instance configured to write to `stdout` and `stderr`.
+  Because this object is global, it can be used without calling
+  `require('console')`.
+
+Example using the global `console`:
+
+    console.log('hello world');
+      // Prints: hello world, to stdout
+    console.log('hello %s', 'world');
+      // Prints: hello world, to stdout
+    console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
+      // Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to stderr
+
+    const name = 'Will Robinson';
+    console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
+      // Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr
+
+Example using the `Console` class:
+
+    const out = getStreamSomehow();
+    const err = getStreamSomehow();
+    const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
+
+    myConsole.log('hello world');
+      // Prints: hello world, to out
+    myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
+      // Prints: hello world, to out
+    myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
+      // Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
+
+    const name = 'Will Robinson';
+    myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
+      // Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err
+
+While the API for the `Console` class is designed fundamentally around the
+Web browser `console` object, the `Console` is Node.js is *not* intended to
+duplicate the browsers functionality exactly.
+
+## Asynchronous vs Synchronous Consoles
+
+The console functions are synchronous when the destination is a terminal or
+a file (to avoid lost messages in case of premature exit) and asynchronous
+when the destination is a pipe (to avoid blocking for long periods of time).
+
+In the following example, stdout is non-blocking while stderr is blocking:
+
+    $ node script.js 2> error.log | tee info.log
+
+Typically, the distinction between blocking/non-blocking is not important
+unless an application is logging significant amounts of data. High volume
+logging *should* use a `Console` instance that writes to a pipe.
 
 ## Class: Console
 
 <!--type=class-->
 
-Use `require('console').Console` or `console.Console` to access this class.
+The `Console` class can be used to create a simple logger with configurable
+output streams and can be accessed using either `require('console').Console`
+or `console.Console`:
 
     const Console = require('console').Console;
     const Console = console.Console;
 
-You can use the `Console` class to create a simple logger like `console` but
-with different output streams.
-
 ### new Console(stdout[, stderr])
 
-Create a new `Console` by passing one or two writable stream instances.
+Creates a new `Console` by passing one or two writable stream instances.
 `stdout` is a writable stream to print log or info output. `stderr`
 is used for warning or error output. If `stderr` isn't passed, the warning
 and error output will be sent to the `stdout`.
@@ -39,42 +89,27 @@ and error output will be sent to the `stdout`.
     // in stdout.log: count 5
 
 The global `console` is a special `Console` whose output is sent to
-`process.stdout` and `process.stderr`:
+`process.stdout` and `process.stderr`. It is equivalent to calling:
 
     new Console(process.stdout, process.stderr);
 
-## console
-
-* {Object}
-
-<!--type=global-->
-
-For printing to stdout and stderr. Similar to the console object functions
-provided by most web browsers, here the output is sent to stdout or stderr.
-
-The console functions are synchronous when the destination is a terminal or
-a file (to avoid lost messages in case of premature exit) and asynchronous
-when it's a pipe (to avoid blocking for long periods of time).
-
-That is, in the following example, stdout is non-blocking while stderr
-is blocking:
-
-    $ node script.js 2> error.log | tee info.log
-
-Typically, the blocking/non-blocking dichotomy is not something you should
-worry about unless you log huge amounts of data.
-
 ### console.assert(value[, message][, ...])
 
-Similar to [`assert.ok()`][], but the error message is formatted as
-`util.format(message...)`.
+A simple assertion test that verifies whether `value` is truthy. If it is not,
+an `AssertionError` is throw. If provided, the error `message` is formatted
+using [`util.format()`][] and used as the error message.
+
+    console.assert(true, 'does nothing');
+      // OK
+    console.assert(false, 'Whoops %s', 'didn\'t work');
+      // AssertionError: Whoops didn't work
 
 ### console.dir(obj[, options])
 
 Uses [`util.inspect()`][] on `obj` and prints the resulting string to stdout.
-This function bypasses any custom `inspect()` function on `obj`. An optional
-`options` object may be passed that alters certain aspects of the formatted
-string:
+This function bypasses any custom `inspect()` function defined on `obj`. An
+optional `options` object may be passed that alters certain aspects of the
+formatted string:
 
 - `showHidden` - if `true` then the object's non-enumerable and symbol
 properties will be shown too. Defaults to `false`.
@@ -89,37 +124,54 @@ Defaults to `false`. Colors are customizable; see
 
 ### console.error([data][, ...])
 
-Same as [`console.log()`][] but prints to stderr.
+Prints to stderr with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first
+used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution
+values similar to `printf()` (the arguments are all passed to
+[`util.format()`][]).
+
+    const code = 5;
+    console.error('error #%d', code);
+      // Prints: error #5, to stderr
+    console.error('error', code);
+      // Prints: error 5, to stderr
+
+If formatting elements (e.g. `%d`) are not found in the first string then
+[`util.inspect()`][] is called on each argument and the resulting string
+values are concatenated.  See [`util.format()`][] for more information.
 
 ### console.info([data][, ...])
 
-Same as [`console.log()`][].
+The `console.info()` function is an alias for [`console.log()`][].
 
 ### console.log([data][, ...])
 
-Prints to stdout with newline. This function can take multiple arguments in a
-`printf()`-like way:
+Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first
+used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution
+values similar to `printf()` (the arguments are all passed to
+[`util.format()`][]).
 
     var count = 5;
     console.log('count: %d', count);
-    // prints 'count: 5'
+      // Prints: count: 5, to stdout
+    console.log('count: ', count);
+      // Prints: count: 5, to stdout
 
-If formatting elements are not found in the first string then
-[`util.inspect()`][] is used on each argument.  See [`util.format()`][] for more
-information.
+If formatting elements (e.g. `%d`) are not found in the first string then
+[`util.inspect()`][] is called on each argument and the resulting string
+values are concatenated.  See [`util.format()`][] for more information.
 
 ### console.time(label)
 
 Used to calculate the duration of a specific operation. To start a timer, call
-the `console.time()` method, giving it a name as only parameter. To stop the
+the `console.time()` method, giving it a unique `label` as the only parameter. To stop the
 timer, and to get the elapsed time in milliseconds, just call the
 [`console.timeEnd()`][] method, again passing the
-timer's name as the parameter.
+timer's unique `label` as the parameter.
 
 ### console.timeEnd(label)
 
 Stops a timer that was previously started by calling [`console.time()`][] and
-prints the result to the console:
+prints the result to stdout:
 
     console.time('100-elements');
     for (var i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
@@ -130,18 +182,30 @@ prints the result to the console:
 
 ### console.trace(message[, ...])
 
-Print to stderr `'Trace :'`, followed by the formatted message and stack trace
-to the current position.
+Prints to stderr the string `'Trace :'`, followed by the [`util.format()`][]
+formatted message and stack trace to the current position in the code.
+
+    console.trace('Show me');
+      // Prints: (stack trace will vary based on where trace is called)
+      //  Trace: Show me
+      //    at repl:2:9
+      //    at REPLServer.defaultEval (repl.js:248:27)
+      //    at bound (domain.js:287:14)
+      //    at REPLServer.runBound [as eval] (domain.js:300:12)
+      //    at REPLServer.<anonymous> (repl.js:412:12)
+      //    at emitOne (events.js:82:20)
+      //    at REPLServer.emit (events.js:169:7)
+      //    at REPLServer.Interface._onLine (readline.js:210:10)
+      //    at REPLServer.Interface._line (readline.js:549:8)
+      //    at REPLServer.Interface._ttyWrite (readline.js:826:14)
 
 ### console.warn([data][, ...])
 
-Same as [`console.error()`][].
+The `console.warn()` function is an alias for [`console.error()`][].
 
-[`assert.ok()`]: assert.html#assert_assert_value_message_assert_ok_value_message
 [`console.error()`]: #console_console_error_data
 [`console.log()`]: #console_console_log_data
 [`console.time()`]: #console_console_time_label
 [`console.timeEnd()`]: #console_console_timeend_label
 [`util.format()`]: util.html#util_util_format_format
 [`util.inspect()`]: util.html#util_util_inspect_object_options
-[customizing `util.inspect()` colors]: util.html#util_customizing_util_inspect_colors