doc: consistent reference-style links

Moved all the URLs in API docs to the bottom of the files as
reference-style links.

PR-URL: #3845
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>

doc/api/addons.markdown

@@ -7,14 +7,12 @@ knowledge of several libraries:
  - V8 JavaScript, a C++ library. Used for interfacing with JavaScript:
    creating objects, calling functions, etc.  Documented mostly in the
    `v8.h` header file (`deps/v8/include/v8.h` in the Node.js source
-   tree), which is also available
-   [online](https://v8docs.nodesource.com/).
+   tree), which is also available [online][].
 
- - [libuv](https://github.com/libuv/libuv), C event loop library.
-   Anytime one needs to wait for a file descriptor to become readable,
-   wait for a timer, or wait for a signal to be received one will need
-   to interface with libuv. That is, if you perform any I/O, libuv will
-   need to be used.
+ - [libuv][], C event loop library. Anytime one needs to wait for a file
+   descriptor to become readable, wait for a timer, or wait for a signal
+   to be received one will need to interface with libuv. That is, if you
+   perform any I/O, libuv will need to be used.
 
  - Internal Node.js libraries. Most importantly is the `node::ObjectWrap`
    class which you will likely want to derive from.
@@ -25,9 +23,8 @@ Node.js statically compiles all its dependencies into the executable.
 When compiling your module, you don't need to worry about linking to
 any of these libraries.
 
-All of the following examples are available for
-[download](https://github.com/rvagg/node-addon-examples) and may be
-used as a starting-point for your own Addon.
+All of the following examples are available for [download][] and may
+be used as a starting-point for your own Addon.
 
 ## Hello world
 
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ The `module_name` needs to match the filename of the final binary (minus the
 The source code needs to be built into `addon.node`, the binary Addon. To
 do this we create a file called `binding.gyp` which describes the configuration
 to build your module in a JSON-like format. This file gets compiled by
-[node-gyp](https://github.com/nodejs/node-gyp).
+[node-gyp][].
 
     {
       "targets": [
@@ -113,10 +110,9 @@ Please see patterns below for further information or
 ## Addon patterns
 
 Below are some addon patterns to help you get started. Consult the online
-[v8 reference](http://izs.me/v8-docs/main.html) for help with the various v8
-calls, and v8's [Embedder's Guide](http://code.google.com/apis/v8/embed.html)
-for an explanation of several concepts used such as handles, scopes,
-function templates, etc.
+[v8 reference][] for help with the various v8 calls, and v8's
+[Embedder's Guide][] for an explanation of several concepts used such as
+handles, scopes, function templates, etc.
 
 In order to use these examples you need to compile them using `node-gyp`.
 Create the following `binding.gyp` file:
@@ -869,3 +865,10 @@ Test in JavaScript by running:
 
     // test.js
     var addon = require('./build/Release/addon');
+
+[online]: https://v8docs.nodesource.com/
+[libuv]: https://github.com/libuv/libuv
+[download]: https://github.com/rvagg/node-addon-examples
+[node-gyp]: https://github.com/nodejs/node-gyp
+[v8 reference]: http://izs.me/v8-docs/main.html
+[Embedder's Guide]: http://code.google.com/apis/v8/embed.html

doc/api/assert.markdown

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ operator ( `===` ).
 
 ## assert.doesNotThrow(block[, error][, message])
 
-Expects `block` not to throw an error. See [assert.throws()](#assert_assert_throws_block_error_message) for more details.
+Expects `block` not to throw an error. See [assert.throws()][] for more details.
 
 If `block` throws an error and if it is of a different type from `error`, the
 thrown error will get propagated back to the caller. The following call will
@@ -128,3 +128,5 @@ Custom error validation:
       },
       "unexpected error"
     );
+
+[assert.throws()]: #assert_assert_throws_block_error_message

doc/api/buffer.markdown

@@ -114,8 +114,7 @@ Example:
 * `buf1` {Buffer}
 * `buf2` {Buffer}
 
-The same as [`buf1.compare(buf2)`](#buffer_buf_compare_otherbuffer). Useful
-for sorting an Array of Buffers:
+The same as [`buf1.compare(buf2)`][]. Useful for sorting an Array of Buffers:
 
     var arr = [Buffer('1234'), Buffer('0123')];
     arr.sort(Buffer.compare);
@@ -287,11 +286,10 @@ buffer.
 * `byteOffset` Number, Optional, Default: 0
 * Return: Number
 
-Operates similar to
-[Array#indexOf()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/indexOf).
-Accepts a String, Buffer or Number. Strings are interpreted as UTF8. Buffers
-will use the entire buffer. So in order to compare a partial Buffer use
-`Buffer#slice()`. Numbers can range from 0 to 255.
+Operates similar to [Array#indexOf()][]. Accepts a String, Buffer or Number.
+Strings are interpreted as UTF8. Buffers will use the entire buffer. So in order
+to compare a partial Buffer use `Buffer#slice()`. Numbers can range from 0 to
+255.
 
 ### buf.length
 
@@ -932,3 +930,6 @@ un-pooled Buffer instance using SlowBuffer and copy out the relevant bits.
 
 Though this should be used sparingly and only be a last resort *after* a developer
 has actively observed undue memory retention in their applications.
+
+[`buf1.compare(buf2)`]: #buffer_buf_compare_otherbuffer
+[Array#indexOf()]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/indexOf

doc/api/child_process.markdown

@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@ data you send to the child process may not be immediately consumed.)
 
 To create a child process use `require('child_process').spawn()` or
 `require('child_process').fork()`.  The semantics of each are slightly
-different, and explained [below](#child_process_asynchronous_process_creation).
+different, and explained [below][].
 
-For scripting purposes you may find the
-[synchronous counterparts](#child_process_synchronous_process_creation) more
+For scripting purposes you may find the [synchronous counterparts][] more
 convenient.
 
 ## Class: ChildProcess
@@ -61,8 +60,7 @@ Note that the `exit`-event may or may not fire after an error has occurred. If
 you are listening on both events to fire a function, remember to guard against
 calling your function twice.
 
-See also [`ChildProcess#kill()`](#child_process_child_kill_signal) and
-[`ChildProcess#send()`](#child_process_child_send_message_sendhandle_callback).
+See also [`ChildProcess#kill()`][] and [`ChildProcess#send()`][].
 
 ### Event:  'exit'
 
@@ -161,7 +159,7 @@ Example:
 * `callback` {Function}
 * Return: Boolean
 
-When using [`child_process.fork()`](#child_process_child_process_fork_modulepath_args_options) you can write to the child using
+When using [`child_process.fork()`][] you can write to the child using
 `child.send(message[, sendHandle][, callback])` and messages are received by
 a `'message'` event on the child.
 
@@ -310,9 +308,7 @@ to the same object, or null.
 * {Array}
 
 A sparse array of pipes to the child process, corresponding with positions in
-the [stdio](#child_process_options_stdio) option to
-[spawn](#child_process_child_process_spawn_command_args_options) that have been
-set to `'pipe'`.
+the [stdio][] option to [spawn][] that have been set to `'pipe'`.
 Note that streams 0-2 are also available as ChildProcess.stdin,
 ChildProcess.stdout, and ChildProcess.stderr, respectively.
 
@@ -439,9 +435,9 @@ the existing process and uses a shell to execute the command.*
   * `stderr` {Buffer}
 * Return: ChildProcess object
 
-This is similar to [`child_process.exec()`](#child_process_child_process_exec_command_options_callback) except it does not execute a
+This is similar to [`child_process.exec()`][] except it does not execute a
 subshell but rather the specified file directly. This makes it slightly
-leaner than [`child_process.exec()`](#child_process_child_process_exec_command_options_callback). It has the same options.
+leaner than [`child_process.exec()`][]. It has the same options.
 
 
 ### child_process.fork(modulePath[, args][, options])
@@ -462,10 +458,10 @@ leaner than [`child_process.exec()`](#child_process_child_process_exec_command_o
   * `gid` {Number} Sets the group identity of the process. (See setgid(2).)
 * Return: ChildProcess object
 
-This is a special case of the [`child_process.spawn()`](#child_process_child_process_spawn_command_args_options) functionality for spawning Node.js
-processes. In addition to having all the methods in a normal ChildProcess
-instance, the returned object has a communication channel built-in. See
-[`child.send(message, [sendHandle])`](#child_process_child_send_message_sendhandle_callback) for details.
+This is a special case of the [`child_process.spawn()`][] functionality for
+spawning Node.js processes. In addition to having all the methods in a normal
+ChildProcess instance, the returned object has a communication channel built-in.
+See [`child.send(message, [sendHandle])`][] for details.
 
 These child Node.js processes are still whole new instances of V8. Assume at
 least 30ms startup and 10mb memory for each new Node.js. That is, you cannot
@@ -663,7 +659,7 @@ Example:
     // startd-style interface.
     spawn('prg', [], { stdio: ['pipe', null, null, null, 'pipe'] });
 
-See also: [`child_process.exec()`](#child_process_child_process_exec_command_options_callback) and [`child_process.fork()`](#child_process_child_process_fork_modulepath_args_options)
+See also: [`child_process.exec()`][] and [`child_process.fork()`][]
 
 ## Synchronous Process Creation
 
@@ -703,11 +699,7 @@ process has exited.
 
 If the process times out, or has a non-zero exit code, this method ***will***
 throw.  The `Error` object will contain the entire result from
-[`child_process.spawnSync()`](#child_process_child_process_spawnsync_command_args_options)
-
-[EventEmitter]: events.html#events_class_events_eventemitter
-[net.Server]: net.html#net_class_net_server
-[net.Socket]: net.html#net_class_net_socket
+[`child_process.spawnSync()`][]
 
 ### child_process.execSync(command[, options])
 
@@ -741,7 +733,7 @@ process has exited.
 
 If the process times out, or has a non-zero exit code, this method ***will***
 throw.  The `Error` object will contain the entire result from
-[`child_process.spawnSync()`](#child_process_child_process_spawnsync_command_args_options)
+[`child_process.spawnSync()`][]
 
 ### child_process.spawnSync(command[, args][, options])
 
@@ -774,3 +766,18 @@ timeout has been encountered and `killSignal` is sent, the method won't return
 until the process has completely exited. That is to say, if the process handles
 the `SIGTERM` signal and doesn't exit, your process will wait until the child
 process has exited.
+
+[below]: #child_process_asynchronous_process_creation
+[synchronous counterparts]: #child_process_synchronous_process_creation
+[EventEmitter]: events.html#events_class_events_eventemitter
+[`ChildProcess#kill()`]: #child_process_child_kill_signal
+[`ChildProcess#send()`]: #child_process_child_send_message_sendhandle_callback
+[net.Server]: net.html#net_class_net_server
+[net.Socket]: net.html#net_class_net_socket
+[`child_process.fork()`]: #child_process_child_process_fork_modulepath_args_options
+[stdio]: #child_process_options_stdio
+[spawn]: #child_process_child_process_spawn_command_args_options
+[`child_process.exec()`]: #child_process_child_process_exec_command_options_callback
+[`child_process.spawn()`]: #child_process_child_process_spawn_command_args_options
+[`child.send(message, [sendHandle])`]: #child_process_child_send_message_sendhandle_callback
+[`child_process.spawnSync()`]: #child_process_child_process_spawnsync_command_args_options

doc/api/cluster.markdown

@@ -123,8 +123,6 @@ This event is the same as the one provided by `child_process.fork()`.
 
 In a worker you can also use `process.on('error')`.
 
-[ChildProcess.send()]: child_process.html#child_process_child_send_message_sendhandle_callback
-
 ### Event: 'exit'
 
 * `code` {Number} the exit code, if it exited normally.
@@ -232,15 +230,15 @@ Causes `.suicide` to be set.
 Note that after a server is closed, it will no longer accept new connections,
 but connections may be accepted by any other listening worker. Existing
 connections will be allowed to close as usual. When no more connections exist,
-see [server.close()](net.html#net_event_close), the IPC channel to the worker
-will close allowing it to die gracefully.
+see [server.close()][], the IPC channel to the worker will close allowing it to
+die gracefully.
 
 The above applies *only* to server connections, client connections are not
 automatically closed by workers, and disconnect does not wait for them to close
 before exiting.
 
 Note that in a worker, `process.disconnect` exists, but it is not this function,
-it is [disconnect](child_process.html#child_process_child_disconnect).
+it is [disconnect][].
 
 Because long living server connections may block workers from disconnecting, it
 may be useful to send a message, so application specific actions may be taken to
@@ -313,7 +311,7 @@ Causes `.suicide` to be set.
 This method is aliased as `worker.destroy()` for backwards compatibility.
 
 Note that in a worker, `process.kill()` exists, but it is not this function,
-it is [kill](process.html#process_process_kill_pid_signal).
+it is [kill][].
 
 ### worker.process
 
@@ -323,8 +321,7 @@ All workers are created using `child_process.fork()`, the returned object
 from this function is stored as `.process`. In a worker, the global `process`
 is stored.
 
-See: [Child Process module](
-child_process.html#child_process_child_process_fork_modulepath_args_options)
+See: [Child Process module][]
 
 Note that workers will call `process.exit(0)` if the `'disconnect'` event occurs
 on `process` and `.suicide` is not `true`. This protects against accidental
@@ -408,7 +405,7 @@ This can be used to restart the worker by calling `.fork()` again.
       cluster.fork();
     });
 
-See [child_process event: 'exit'](child_process.html#child_process_event_exit).
+See [child_process event: 'exit'][].
 
 ## Event: 'fork'
 
@@ -464,8 +461,7 @@ The `addressType` is one of:
 
 Emitted when any worker receives a message.
 
-See
-[child_process event: 'message'](child_process.html#child_process_event_message).
+See [child_process event: 'message'][].
 
 ## Event: 'online'
 
@@ -647,3 +643,11 @@ the worker's unique id is the easiest way to find the worker.
     socket.on('data', function(id) {
       var worker = cluster.workers[id];
     });
+
+[server.close()]: net.html#net_event_close
+[disconnect]: child_process.html#child_process_child_disconnect
+[kill]: process.html#process_process_kill_pid_signal
+[Child Process module]: child_process.html#child_process_child_process_fork_modulepath_args_options
+[ChildProcess.send()]: child_process.html#child_process_child_send_message_sendhandle_callback
+[child_process event: 'exit']: child_process.html#child_process_event_exit
+[child_process event: 'message']: child_process.html#child_process_event_message.

doc/api/console.markdown

@@ -43,10 +43,6 @@ The global `console` is a special `Console` whose output is sent to
 
     new Console(process.stdout, process.stderr);
 
-[assert.ok()]: assert.html#assert_assert_value_message_assert_ok_value_message
-[util.format()]: util.html#util_util_format_format
-[customizing util.inspect colors]: util.html#util_customizing_util_inspect_colors
-
 ## console
 
 * {Object}
@@ -113,14 +109,13 @@ is used on each argument.  See [util.format()][] for more information.
 
 Starts a timer that can be used to compute the duration of an operation. Timers
 are identified by a unique name. Use the same name when you call
-[`console.timeEnd()`](#console_console_timeend_label) to stop the timer and
-output the elapsed time in milliseconds. Timer durations are accurate to the
-sub-millisecond.
+[`console.timeEnd()`][] to stop the timer and output the elapsed time in
+milliseconds. Timer durations are accurate to the sub-millisecond.
 
 ### console.timeEnd(label)
 
 Stops a timer that was previously started by calling
-[`console.time()`](#console_console_time_label) and prints the result to the
+[`console.time()`][] and prints the result to the
 console.
 
 Example:
@@ -140,3 +135,9 @@ to the current position.
 ### console.warn([data][, ...])
 
 Same as `console.error`.
+
+[assert.ok()]: assert.html#assert_assert_value_message_assert_ok_value_message
+[customizing util.inspect colors]: util.html#util_customizing_util_inspect_colors
+[util.format()]: util.html#util_util_format_format
+[`console.timeEnd()`]: #console_console_timeend_label
+[`console.time()`]: #console_console_time_label