\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item one
\item two
\item three
\end{itemize}
\def <command> <parameter-text>{<replacement-text>}
For example:
\def \foo [#1]#2{The first argument is ``#1'', the second one is ``#2''}
\newcommand{\wbalsup}[1] {
This is the Wikibook about LaTeX
supported by #1}
\newcommand{\wbalTwo}[2] {
This is the Wikibook about LaTeX
supported by #1 and #2}
% in the document body:
\begin{itemize}
\item \wbalsup{Wikimedia}
\item \wbalsup{lots of users!}
\item \wbalTwo{John Doe}{Anthea Smith}
\end{itemize}
The first argument must be delimited by two square brackets while the second may be a single character (strictly speaking, a single token having a category code distinct from 1 or 2) or any balanced text surrounded by braces {...}
\def \foo [#1]#2% # % definition takes up multiple lines
{The first argument is ``#1''.
The second one is ``#2''}
Compared with \newcommand, TeX with \def doesn't check whether the command to be defined is important or not.
\def \NAS {National Academy of Science}
\def \author {William {\sc Smith}}
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
% one arg def:
\def\testonearg[#1]{\typeout{Testing one arg: '#1'}}
%call:
\testonearg[test this]
% two arg def:
\def\testtwoarg[#1]#2{\typeout{Testing two args: '#1' and '#2'}}
%call:
\testtwoarg[test this first]{this is, the second test.}
% two arg def (B):
\def\testtwoargB#1#2{\typeout{Testing two args B: '#1' and '#2'}}
%call:
\testtwoargB{test this first}{this is, the second test.}
% output:
%*Testing one arg: 'test this'
%*Testing two args: 'test this first' and 'this is, the second test.'
%*Testing two args B: 'test this first' and 'this is, the second test.'
Overview What is LaTeX?
Commands # Commands within a LaTeX document.
Parameters # The command line.
Command Index # An alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
Concept Index # An alphabetical list of concepts.
The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX Macro package for TeX
- A "Device Independent", or '.dvi' file: for device command translation
- A "transcript" or "log" file: contain summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file
- An "auxiliary" or "aux" file: this is used by Latex itself, for things such as sectioning
A latex command begins with the command name, which consists of a "" followed by either
- a string of letters
- a single non-letter
Arguments contained in square brackets [], are optional while arguments contained in braces {} are required
Note: Latex is case sensitive.
Counters # Internal counters used by LaTeX
Cross References # Automatic referencing
Definitions # Define your own commands etc
Document Classes # Some of the various classes available
Environments # Such as enumerate & itemize
Footnotes # How to produce footnotes
Layout # Controlling the page layout
Lengths # The length commands
Letters # The letter class
Line & Page Breaking # How to insert pagebreaks etc.
Making Paragraphs # Paragraph commands.
Margin Notes # Putting remarks in the margin.
Math Formulae # How to create mathematical formulae.
Modes # Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
Page Styles # Various styles of page layout.
Sectioning # How to section properly.
Spaces & Boxes # All the associated commands.
Special Characters # Special reserved characters.
Splitting the Input # Dealing with big files by splitting.
Starting & Ending # The formal start & end layouts.
Table of Contents # How to create a table of contents.
Terminal Input/Output # User interaction.
Typefaces # Such as bold, italics etc.
Everything latex numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that produces the nubmer.
part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
section page footnote enumiii
subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
subsubsection
Below is a list of the counters used in Latex standard document classes to control numbering. Counters in a document can be inremented,reset, accessed and referenced.
\addtocounter # Add a quantity to a counter.
\alph{counter} # Print value of a counter using letters, a, b; Alph, A, B,C,..
\arabic{counter} # Print value of a counter using numerals, 1, 2,...
\fnsymbol # Print value of a counter using symbols, value is in the range of 9.
\newcounter # Define a new counter.
\refstepcounter # Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
\roman{counter} # Print value of a counter using roman numerals, i, ii;Roman, I, II, III...
\setcounter # Set the value of a counter.
\stepcounter # Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
\usecounter # Use a specified counter in a list environment.
\value # Use the value of a counter in an expression.
The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified by the value argument. Syntax:
\setcounter{counter}{value}
For example
\begin{enumerate}
\setcounter{enumi}{3} # sets the value of the item counter in the list to 3
\item Something
\end{enumerate}
\stepcounter{counter}
Two counters are used in the following code segment.
\section{Another section}
This is a dummy section with no purpose whatsoever but to contain text.
This section has assigned the number \thesection. # the value of current section counter
\stepcounter{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{1stequation}
\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{x}{\sin(x)}
\end{equation}
The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the mandatory argument
\value{counter}
It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in:
\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The counter is initialized to zero.
The optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented.
\newcounter{foo}[counter]
\refstepcounter{<ctr>}
Like \stepcounter but you can use LATEX's referencing system to add a \label and later \ref the counter. The printed reference will be the current expansion of \the.
One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details"
\label Assign # a symbolic name to a piece of text.
\pageref # Refer to a page number of the place where the corresponding
label command appears.
\ref # Refer to a section, figure or similar and produce the number of the
corresponding sectional unit.
\label{key}
if appearing in the ordinary text, this command will assigns to the key the number of current sectional unit.
if one appears inside a numbered environment, it will assigns that number to the key.
To avoid create two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and suffix seperated by colon. And the prefix conventionally used are:
cha for chapters
sec for lower-level sectioning commands
fig for figures
tab for tables
eq for equations
\newcommand # Define a new command.
\newenvironment # Define a new environment.
\newtheorem # Define a new theorem-like environment.
\newfont # Define a new font name
\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
cmd # command name
args # an integer from 1-9 denoting the number of arguments of the command being defined.
default # If present, the first argument is optional. The default value is default.
definition # The text to be substituted for every occurence of cmd;
#n in cmd is replaced by text of the nth argument when the substitution takes place.
\newcommand{\wbalTwo}[2][Wikimedia]{
This is the Wikibook about LaTeX
supported by {#1} and {#2}!}
% in the document body:
\begin{itemize}
\item \wbalTwo{John Doe}
\item \wbalTwo[lots of users]{John Doe}
\end{itemize}
\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
nam # the name of environment
args # the number of arguments.
default # the first arguments is optional
begdef # when \begin{name} is encoutered, the material
specified in the begdef is processed before text
enddef # Vice versa
\newenvironment{king}
{ \rule{1ex}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}} }
{ \hspace{\stretch{1}}\rule{1ex}{1ex} }
\begin{king}
My humble subjects \ldots
\end{king}
\newenvironment{topics}{
\newcommand{\topic}[2]{ \item{##1 / ##2\} }
Topics:
\begin{itemize}
}
{
\end{itemize}
}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\newtheorem{env_name}{printed output}[within]
\newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{printed output}
Often the counters are determined by section,for example "Theorem 2.3" refers to the 3rd theorem in the 2nd section of a document
env_name # name, it must not be the same name of an existing environment or counter.
printed output # the text printed at the begining of the environment
within # the counter of this new environment will be reset
every time a new within environment is used.
numbered_like # the even though a new environment is created,
it will use the same counter as the numbered_like environment.
The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
\newtheorem{mydef}{Definition}
\begin{mydef}
Here is a new definition
\end{mydef}
Valid document classes include:
article
slides
book
report
letter
They are selected with the following command:
\documentclass [options] {class}
Options: Selecting the typeface (10pt is default)
10pt, 11pt, 12pt
Options: selecting the paper size
a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letter paper, legal paper, executivepaper
Miscellaneous options
landscape # selects landscape format. Default is portrait.
titlepage, notitlepage # selects if there should be a separate title page.
leqno # equation number on left side of equations. Default is right side.
fleqn # displayed formulas flush left. Default is centred.
openbib # use "open" bibliography format.
draft, final # mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule. Default is final.
These options are not available with the slides class:
oneside, twoside # selects one- or twosided layout. Default is oneside, except for the book class.
openright, openany # determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page. Default is openright for book.
onecolumn, twocolumn # one or two columns. Defaults to one column.
If you specify more than one option, they must be seperated by a comma.
latex provides a number of different paragraph-making environments
\begin{environment-name}
.
\end{environment-name}
array # Math arrays.
center # Centred lines.
description # Labelled lists.
enumerate # Numbered lists.
eqnarray # Sequences of aligned equations.
equation # Displayed equation.
figure # Floating figures.
flushleft # Flushed left lines.
flushright # Flushed right lines.
itemize # Bulleted lists.
letter # Letters.
list # Generic list environment.
minipage # Miniature page.
picture # Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
quotation # Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
quote # Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
tabbing # Align text arbitrarily.
table # Floating tables.
tabular # Align text in columns.
thebibliography # Bibliography or reference list.
theorem # Theorems, lemmas, etc.
titlepage # For hand crafted title pages.
verbatim # Simulating typed input.
verse # For poetry and other things.
math array are produced with the array environment, it has a mandatory argument decribing the number of columns and alignment within them
\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{array}
NOTE: 1) Each column col is specifed by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted
l flush left
c
r
-
Column entries must be seperated by an &. Each row of the array must be terminated with the string \
-
Note that the array can only be used in math mode. So normally it is used inside an equation environment.
\begin{center} # centered within the left and right margin
Text on line 1 \\ # each line must terminate with the string \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{center}
\center: the declaration form of the center environment. Usually it is used in the quote, figure, table or parbox environment. The declaration is terminated with blank line or \end command
\begin{description} # make labeled lists.
\item [label] First item # the label is bold face and flushed right.
\item [label] Second item
.
.
.
\end{description}
It produces a numbered list; Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can be nested within other paragraph-making environments
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{enumerate}
The environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities.
\begin{eqnarray}
math formula 1 \\
math formula 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{eqnarray}
It is very much like a three column environment with consecutive rows seperated by \ and the consecutive items with a row seperated by an &
An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command. The command \lefteqn is used to splitting long formulas across lines.
The equation environment centres your equation on the page and places the equation number on the right margin.
\begin{equation}
math formula
\end{equation}
Figure are objects that are not part of the normal text and usually floated to a convenient place.
\begin{figure}[placement]
body of the figure
\caption{figure title}
\end{figure}
The placement determines where Latex will try to place your figure. There are four places
h (Here) # at the position in the text where the figure environment appears.
t (Top) # at the top of a text page.
b (Bottom) # at the bottom of a text page.
p (Page of floats) # on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats
The standard report and article use the default placement tbp.
The caption command allows you to title your figure.
\begin{flushleft}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushleft}
The flush environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin.
The itemize environment produces a "bulleted" list.
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{itemize}
\begin{list}{label}{spacing}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{list}
\begin{minipage}[position]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
the minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It is useful for putting footnotes in figure and tables. A \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of the bottom of the page.
The picture environment allows you create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength. A position is a pair of coordinates, which are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
.
.
picture commands
.
.
\end{picture}
The width and height specify the size of the picture. And the x_offset, y_offset specify the origin of the coordinates.
Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command.
\put (11.3,-.3){...} # reference point
\circle[*]{diameter} # Draw a circle; * refers to solid circle
\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...} # Draw a dashed box.
\frame{} # Draw a frame around an object.
\framebox # (picture) Draw a box with a frame around it.
\line(x slope,y slope){length} # Draw a straight line.
\linethickness # Set the line thickness.
\makebox # (picture) Draw a box of the specified size.
\multiput # Draw multiple instances of an object.
\oval # Draw an ellipse.
\put # Place an object at a specified place.
\shortstack # Make a pile of objects.
\vector # Draw a line with an arrow.
The quotation environment are indented on the right and the left. The texts are justified at both margin.
Leaving a blank line between text produce a new paragraph.
\begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
The syntax is same as that of quote command
\begin{tabbing}
text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
second row \> \> more \\
.
.
.
\end{tabbing}
The \hspace command is useful for controlling horizontal space in the tabbing environment
it is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance
\= # (set tab)
\> # (advance to next tab stop only at this line)
\< # (put things to the left margin)
\+ # (indent; move margin right)
Moves the left margin of the next
and all the following commands one tab stop to the right.
\- # (unindent; move margin left)
\' # Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
i.e. everything from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or \kill command,
to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.
\` # Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop,
including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
because there's no tab stop there.
The \` command moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} command
that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment.
There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that ends the line.
\\ # (end of line; newline)
\kill # (ignore preceding text; use only for spacing)
\pushtabs # save all the tab stop positions
\poptabs # restore the tab stop positions
\a # \accent
An example is as follows:
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ |-\-
\> begin \= \+ \\ \-|-\-\
\> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ \-\-|-\-\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ \-\-|-\-\
else \+ \\ \-|-\-\-\
fact := 1; \-\- \\ \-\-|-\-\
end;\\ |-\-\-\-\
\end{tabbing}
\begin{tabbing}
if \= (condition) \{ \\ % inserts a tab just after the "if"-command.
\> then statement \=\\ % go to the defined tab and set a new one
\}\\
else \{ \\
\> else statement \> next tab is here\\
\}\\
\end{tabbing}
\begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}
The position argument
h : Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears.
t : Top - at the top of a text page.
b : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
p : Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats.
These environments produce a box consisting of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns.
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular}
or
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{tabular*}
width # specifies the width of the tabular* environment.
There must be rubber space between columns that
can stretch to fill out the specified width.
options-pos, specifies the vertical position. default is alignment on the center of the environment
t - align on top row
b - align on bottom row
options-col, specifies the column formatting. it consists of the following specifier, corresponding to the sequence of columns and itercolumn material
l # A column of left-aligned items.
r # A column of right-aligned items.
c # A column of centred items.
| # A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
@{text} # This inserts text in every row.
An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns;
any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in text.
An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd to
appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command.
Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression.
An \extracolsep command can be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.
p{wd} # Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd,
as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} command.
However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in the following situations:
inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular.
inside an explicit \parbox.in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or \raggedleft declaration.
The latter declarations must appear
inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column element.
*{num}{cols} # Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive integer and
cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.
\begin{tabular}{r@{.}l}
3 & 14159 \\
16 & 2 \\
123 & 456 \\
\end{tabular}
These commands can be used inside a tabular environment
\cline{i-j} # Draw a horizontal line spanning
beginning in column i and ending in column j
\hline # Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text} # Make an item spanning several columns； cols specifies the number to span.
pos specifies the formatting, flush right or left.
\vline # Draw a vertical line, it can be used in the@expression.
\begin{tabular}{ |l|l| }
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Team sheet} \\
\hline
GK & Paul Robinson \\
LB & Lucas Radebe \\
DC & Michael Duberry \\
DC & Dominic Matteo\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
%multi-column
\multicolumn{number cols}{align}{text} % align: l,c,r
%multi-row
\usepackage{multirow}
\multirow{number rows}{width}{text} # Using * as width,
the text argument’s natural width is used
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Multi-column}\\
X&X\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Multirow}&X\\
&X\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{Multi-col-row}}&X\\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{}&X\\
\hline
X&X&X\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Multi-column}&\\
\cline{1-2}
X&X&X\\
X&X&X\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
Space between the caption and table
\usepackage{caption}
\captionsetup[table]{skip=10pt}
Space between columns To tweak the space between columns (LaTeX will by default choose very tight columns), one can alter the column separation:
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{5pt}
The default value is 6pt.
Space between rows
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\hline
Mineral & Color \\[1cm]
Ruby & red \\
Sapphire & blue \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{ | l | l | r | }
\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Item} \\
\cline{1-2}\noalign{\smallskip}
Animal & Description & Price (\$) \\
\noalign{\smallskip}\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
Gnat & per gram & 13.65 \\
& each & 0.01 \\
Gnu & stuffed & 92.50 \\
Emu & stuffed & 33.33 \\
Armadillo & frozen & 8.99 \\
\noalign{\smallskip}\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
boring cell content & \parbox[t]{5cm}{rather long par\\new par}
\end{tabular}
where the t argument controls the placement of the text inside the box
The xcolor package provides the necessary commands to produce tables with alternate row colors, when loaded with the table option. The command
\rowcolors{<''starting row''>}{<''odd color''>}{<''even color''>}
has to be specified right before the tabular environment starts.
The environment produces a bibliography or reference list. In the article class, this reference list is labelled "References"; in the report class, it is labelled "Bibliography"
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key} # an entry labelled by label
.
.
.
\end{thebibliography}
\bibitem # Specify a bibliography item.
\cite # Refer to a bibliography item.
\nocite # Include an item in the bibliography.
Using BibTeX # Automatic generation of bibliographies.
\bibitem[label]{cite_key} # if the label is missing, a number is generated as the label,
using the enumi counter
Notice the key cannot contain a comma. This command write an entry to ".aux" file containing key and the item's label. When this ".aux" file is read by the begin{document} command, the item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.
\cite[text]{key_list} # A list of citation keys
The optional text argument will
appear after the citation
\nocice{key_list} # produce no text, but write key_list
\bibliographystyle{style}
\bibliography{bibfile}
where the style refers to a file style.bst, which defines how your citations will look. The standard styles distributed with BibTex are:
alpha # Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication.
plain # Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
unsrt # Like plain, but entries are in order of citation.
abbrv # Like plain, but more compact labels.
The argument to the \bibliograhpy refers to the file bibfile.bib, which should contain your database in BibTex format. And only the entries referred to via \cite and \nocite will be listed in the bibliography.
It produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your theorem text.
\begin{theorem}
theorem text
\end{theorem}
It creates a title page with no printed page number or heading.
Formating the title page is left to you.
\begin{titlepage}
text
\end{titlepage}
\maketitle can be used to produce a standard title page.
It is a paragraph-making environment that get tex to print what you exactly what you type in.
\begin{verbatim}
text
\end{verbatim}
\verb char literal_text char # typesets the literal-text as typed.
\verb*char literal_text char
\begin{verbatim}
\textbf{Bold} # it doesnot work
\textit{italics}
\textsf{sans serif}
\end{verbatim}
It is designed for poetry
\begin{verse}
text
\end{verse}
The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the lines of each stanza with \, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas
\footnote[number]{text} # Insert a footnote
can only be used in outer paragraph mode
\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] # Insert footnote mark only.
can be used in inner paragraph mode
(figure, table and etc.)
\footnotetext[number]{text} # Insert footnote text only.
must appear in outer paragraph mode
the footnote optional number argument is used to change the default footnote number.
\footnotemark
% ...
Somewhere else\footnotetext{This is my footnote!}
\footnotemark[17]
% ...
Somewhere else\footnotetext[17]{This is my footnote!}
control the general layout of the page
\flushbottom # Make all text pages the same height, adding the extra vertical space if
necessary to fill out the page. if two column mode is selected, it is standard
\onecolumn # Use one-column layout; start a new page and produce single-column output
\raggedbottom # Allow text pages of differing height;
make all pages the height of the text on that page, no extra vertical space is added
\twocolumn[text] # Use two-column layout. start a new page and produce two-column output
if text is present, it is typeset in one-column in one-column mode.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{multicol}
\begin{document}
\begin{multicols}{3}
[
\section{First Section}
All human things are subject to decay. And when fate summons, Monarchs must obey.
]
Hello, here is some text without a meaning. This text should show what
a printed text will look like at this place.
If you read this text, you will get no information. Really? Is there
no information? Is there...
\end{multicols}
\end{document}
Length unit
pt, mm, cm, in # points, milimetres
ex, em # depend on the font size. ex-> the height of "x", em-> the height of "M"
A length is a measure of distance. Many Latex commands take a length as an argument.
\newlength{\lenght_name} # Define a new length.
\setlength{\gnat}{length} # Set the value of a length.
\addtolength{\gnat}{length} # Add a quantity to a length.
\settodepth{\gnat}{text} # Set a length to the depth of something.
\settoheight{\gnat}{text} # Set a length to the height of something.
\settowidth{\gnat}{text} # Set a length to the width of something.
Predefined{\gnat}{text} # lengths Lengths that are, like, predefined.
\baselineskip # The normal vertical distance between lines in a paragraph.
\baselinestretch # A factor multiplying \baselineskip.
Has to be set with \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}
\columnsep # The distance between columns.
\columnwidth # The width of the column.
\evensidemargin # The margin for 'even' pages (think of a printed booklet).
\linewidth # The width of a line in the local environment.
\oddsidemargin # The margin for 'odd' pages (think of a printed booklet).
\paperwidth # The width of the page.
\paperheight # The height of the page.
\parindent # The normal paragraph indentation.
\parskip # The extra vertical space between paragraphs.
\tabcolsep # The default separation between columns in a tabular environment.
\textheight # The height of text on the page.
\textwidth # The width of the text on the page.
\topmargin # The size of the top margin.
\unitlength # Units of length in picture environment.
be designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if you desire.
\documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
... letters ...
\end{document}
\address # Your return address.
\cc # Cc list.
\closing # Saying goodbye.
\encl # List of enclosed material.
\location # Your organisation's address.
\makelabels # Making address labels.
\name # Your name, for the return address.
\opening # Saying hello.
\ps # Adding a postscript.
\signature # Your signature.
\startbreaks # Allow page breaks.
\stopbreaks # Disallow page breaks.
\telephone # Your phone number.
\\ # Start a new line.
\- # (hyphenation) Insert explicit hyphenation.
\cleardoublepage # Start a new right-hand page.
\clearpage # Start a new page and all the figures and tables in the input are printed
\enlargethispage{size} # Enlarge the current page a bit.
\fussy # Be fussy about line breaking; this can avoid too much space between words
but may produce fullboxes
\hyphenation{words} # Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word
each hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.
\linebreak[number] # Break the line at the point of current command;
the number can convert the \linebreak from a demand to a request.
The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.[0-4]
\newline # Break the line prematurely.
\newpage # Start a new page.
\nolinebreak[number] # Don't break the current line.
\nopagebreak[number] # Don't make a page break here.
\pagebreak # Please make a page break here.
\sloppy # Be sloppy about line breaking.
\\[*][extra-space] # * tell the tex not to start a new page after this line;
extra-space is the vertical space inserted before the next line, can be negative
\indent # Indent this paragraph.
\noindent # Do not indent this paragraph.
\par # Another way of writing a blank line.
\par It ends horizontal mode, causes TeX to break the horizontal text into lines placed on the current vertical list, and exercises the page breaker which may possibly cause the next page to be shipped out.
create a note in the margin. The first line will be at the same height as the line in text where the \marginpar occurs
\marginpar[left text]{right text}
When you only specify the mandatory argument right, the text will be placed
in the right margin for one-sided layout
in the outside margin for two-sided layout
in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
By issuing the command \reversemarginpar, you can force the marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin.
When you specify both arguments, left is used for the left margin, and right is used for the right margin, this is valid when it comes to the two-side layout
The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a \hspace{0pt} command.
To insert a margin note in an area that \marginpar can't handle, such as footnotes or equation environments, use the package marginnote
\usepackage{marginnote}
and use the geometry package with custom sizes
\usepackage[top=Bcm, bottom=Hcm,
outer=Ccm, # right
inner=Acm, # left
heightrounded,
marginparwidth=Ecm,
marginparsep=Dcm # between par and marginpar
]{geometry}
\marginnote{typeset text here...}[Fcm] # F is downward vertical
offset between marginpars
There are three environment that put Latex in math mode
math # For Formulae that appear right in the text
displaymath # For Formulae that appear on their own line.
equation # The same as the displaymath environment
except that it adds an equation number in the right margin.
The following short form is as follows. Both displaymath and equation are used only in paragraph mode
\(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form:
$ ... $ instead of \(...\)
Subscripts & Superscripts # Also known as exponent or index. _ and ^
Math Symbols # Various mathematical squiggles.
Spacing in Math Mode # Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
Math Miscellany # Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode
\; - a thick space
\: - a medium space
\, - a thin space
\! - a negative thin space
\cdots # Produces a horizontal ellipsis where
the dots are raised to the centre of the line.
\ddots # Produces a diagonal ellipsis.
\frac{num}{den} # Produces the fraction num divided by den.
\ldots # Produces an ellipsis.
This command works in any mode, not just math mode.
\overbrace{text} # Generates a brace over text.
\overline{text} # Causes the argument text to be overlined.
\sqrt[root]{arg} # Produces the square root of its argument.
The optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e.,
the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
\underbrace{text} # Generates text with a brace underneath.
\underline{text} # Causes the argument text to be underlined.
This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
\vdots # Produces a vertical ellipsis.
When processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:
Paragraph mode # ordinary text
Math mode
Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short # latex keep going from left to right
it never start a new line
it may complain because of the resulting box
was too wide to fit on the line.
The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
\maketitle # Generate a title page.
\pagenumbering # Set the style used for page numbers.
\pagestyle # Change the headings/footings style.
\thispagestyle # Change the headings/footings style for this page.
\maketitle
This command generates a title on a seperate title page- except in the article class, where the title normally goes at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title obtained from the following declarations
\author{names} # Who wrote this stuff?
\date{text} # The date the document was created.
\thanks{text} # A special form of footnote. It is used in the title environment
\title{text} # How to set the document title
Use \\ tell latex where to start a new line in a long line
The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use \ to separate lines within a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution or address.
\documentclass{article}% use option titlepage to get the title on a page of its own.
\usepackage{blindtext}
\title{The Triangulation of Titling Data in Non-Linear Gaussian Fashion via $\rho$ Series\thanks{No procrastination}}
\date{2017\\ December}
\author{John Doe\\ Magic Department\thanks{I am no longer a member of this department}, Richard Miles University
\and Richard Row, \LaTeX\ Academy}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{Introduction}
\blindtext
\end{document}
\pagenumbering{num_style}
Possible value of num_style
arabic - Arabic numerals
roman - Lowercase Roman numerals
Roman - Uppercase Roman numerals
alph - Lowercase letters
Alph - Uppercase letters
\pagestyle{option}
the pagestyle changes the style from the current page throughout the remainder of your document
plain # Just a plain page number.
empty # Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
headings # Puts running headings on each page.
The document style specifies what goes in the headings.
myheadings # You specify what is to go in the heading with
the \markboth or the \markright commands.
The myheadings pagestyle displays the page number on top of the page in the outer corner. myheadings: As shown in the introduction,The footer is empty in this page style. The header contains the page number on right side (on even pages) or on left side (on odd pages) along with other user-supplied information; there is an exception for the first page of each chapter, where the footer contains centred page number while the header is blank.
The \markboth command is used in conjunction with the page style myheadings for setting both the left and the right heading. You should note that a ``left-hand heading'' is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a ``right-hand heading'' is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.
\markboth{left head}{right head} # Set left and right headings;
it doesn't make sense in the one-side mode
\markright # Set right heading only.
struct your text into units
\part
\chapter (report and book class only)
\section
\subsection
\subsubsection
\paragraph
\subparagraph
All sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.
\appendix
The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like
\chapter{The First Chapter}
...
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
Horizontal space
\dotfill # Stretchable horizontal dots.
\hfill # Stretchable horizontal space.
\hrulefill # Stretchable horizontal rule.
\hspace[*]{length} # Fixed horizontal space.
* indicates the space is never removed,
even at the end of line
\addvspace{length} # Fixed vertical space.
\bigskip # Fixed vertical space.
\medskip # Fixed vertical space.
\smallskip # Fixed vertical space.
\vfill # Stretchable vertical space.
\vspace # Fixed vertical space. Boxes
\fbox{text} # Framebox. same as the mbox except that it puts a frame outside
\framebox # Framebox, adjustable position.
lrbox # An environment like \sbox.
\makebox # Box, adjustable position.
\mbox{} # Box.
\newsavebox # Declare a name for saving a box.
\parbox # Box with text in paragraph mode.
\raisebox # Raise or lower text.
\rule # Lines and squares.
\savebox # Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
\sbox # Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
\usebox # Print saved text.
The \makebox command creates a box just wide enough to contain the text specified.
\makebox[width][position]{text}
The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional position argument.
c --- centred (default)
l --- flushleft
r --- flushright
s --- stretch from left to right margin. The text must contain stretchable space for this to work.
\framebox[width][position]{text}
The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates
\documentclass{exam}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\fbox{\fbox{\parbox{5.5in}{\centering
Answer the questions in the spaces provided. If you run out of room
for an answer, continue on the back of the page.}}}
\end{center}
\vspace{5mm}
\makebox[\textwidth]{Name and section:\enspace\hrulefill}
\vspace{5mm}
\makebox[\textwidth]{Instructor’s name:\enspace\hrulefill}
\begin{questions}
\question Is it true that \(x^n + y^n = z^n\) if \(x,y,z\) and \(n\) are
positive integers?. Explain.
\question Prove that the real part of all non-trivial zeros of the function
\(\zeta(z)\) is \(\frac{1}{2}\)
\question Compute \[\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{\sin(x)}{x}\]
\end{questions}
A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode
\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}
Two mandatory arguments are as follows:
width # specifies the width of the parbox, and
text # the text that goes inside the parbox.
If the height argument is not given, the box will have the natural height of the text.
The inter-pos control the placement of the text inside the box
t --- text is placed at the top of the box.
c --- text is centred in the box.
b --- text is placed at the bottom of the box.
s --- stretch vertically. The text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work.
A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment See minipage.
makebox
framebox # based on makebox, put a extra frame outside.
\parbox
\minipage # all can be used to put one or more paragraphs of text
inside a picture on in a table item.
allow verbatim (\verb, verbatim, etc.)
A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode
\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}
For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment
\begin{minipage}[position]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.
Be used to produce horizontal lines
\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}
The arguments are defined as follows:
raise-height # specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
width # specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
thickness # specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
savebox
newsavebox
usebox
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
A large document requires a lot of input, rather than putting the whole input in a single large file. It's more effcient to split it into several smaller ones.
\include # Conditionally include a file.
\includeonly # Determine which files are included.
\input # Unconditionally include a file.
Cut the content (the part between \begin{document}...\end{document} of B.tex into a new file B-content.tex.
\documentclass{...}
% your preamble here
\begin{document}
\include{B-content}
\end{document}
You can use the standalone, docmute or subfiles package to make LaTeX ignore the second preamble.
Simply load the standalone package in the main file and \input or \include the document. This is a good way if the to-be-included documents just holds a picture which should also be compiled standalone. In this case having main files for every picture file would be annoying.
% A.tex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{standalone}
% your preamble here
\begin{document}
% ...
\input{B}% or \include
% ...
\end{document}
% B.tex (for normal text)
\documentclass{article}
% your preamble here
\begin{document}
% your B content here
\end{document}
or
% B.tex
\documentclass{standalone}
% your preamble here
\begin{document}
% your diagram code here
\end{document}
input\input{⟨filename⟩} # all the commands from filename include the begin{document}
include{⟨filename⟩} # \clearpage \input \clearpage
includeonly{⟨filelist⟩ # used in conjunction with \include.
import{⟨path⟩}{⟨filename⟩} # nested structure
\input{filename} imports the commands from filename.tex into the target file; it's equivalent to typing all the commands from filename.tex right into the current file where the \input line is.
\include{filename} essentially does a \clearpage before and after \input{filename}, together with some magic to switch to another .aux file, and omits the inclusion at all if you have an \includeonly without the filename in the argument. This is primarily useful when you have a big project on a slow computer; changing one of the include targets won't force you to regenerate the outputs of all the rest.
\input is a more lower level macro which simply inputs the content of the given file like it was copy&pasted there manually
The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly command for selective selection of files.
\include{file}
If file exists or there is no includeonly command, it is equivalent to
\clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
if the file 'file.tex' does not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file list, the \include command is equivalent to
\clearpage.
The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command.
\includeonly{file_list}
file_list should be a comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must match exactly a filename specified in a \include command. This command can only appear in the preamble.
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\begin{filecontents}{subfolder/chapter_1}\chapter{First}\blindtext\end{filecontents}
\begin{filecontents}{subfolder/chapter_2}\chapter{Second}\blindtext\end{filecontents}
\includeonly{subfolder/chapter_1,subfolder/chapter_2}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\include{subfolder/chapter_1}
\include{subfolder/chapter_2}
\include{subfolder/chapter_3}
\include{subfolder/chapter_4}
\end{document}
\input{file}
The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point.
if nested importing is need, the standard tools such as include and includeonly command are prone to errors.
For this reason, the recommended option is the package import
\usepackage{import} # write this line in the preamble of your document.
\chapter{First chapter}
\import{sections/}{section1-1.tex}
\import{sections/}{section1-2.tex}
The section1-1.tex can be as follows
\section{First section}
Below is a simple 3d plot
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\subimport{img/}{plot1.tex}
\caption{Caption}
\label{fig:my_label}
\end{figure}
[...]
A table of contents is produced with the
\tableofcontents
You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you.
It produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command.
There are similar commands
\listoffigures
\listoftables
for producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
\addcontentsline # Add an entry to table of contents etc.
\addtocontents # Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
adds an entry to specified list or table
\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}
where file is the extension of the line on which information to be writen
toc (table of contents),
lof (list of figures),
lot (list of tables).
sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry.
toc --- the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection.
lof --- figure
lot --- table
entry is the text of entry.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\title{Sections and Chapters}
\author{Gubert Farnsworth}
\date{ }
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
This is the first section.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing
elit. Etiam lobortisfacilisis sem. Nullam nec mi et
neque pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdietmi nec ante.
Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Unnumbered Section}
\section*{Unnumbered Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra
sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\section{Second Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra
sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\end{document}
\typein[cmd]{msg} # Read text from the terminal.
\typeout{msg} # Write text to the terminal.
A typeface is also called font
Styles # Select roman, italics etc.
Sizes # Select point size.
Low-level font commands # Commands for wizards.
The following type style commands are supported by latex
\textit{italics text}
The corresponding command in parenthesis is the declaration form, which takes no arguments. The scope of declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group
The declaration forms are cumulative,i.e., you can say \sffamily\bfseries to get sans serif boldface
You can use the environment form of the declaration forms, e.g. \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}
\textrm (\rmfamily) Roman.
\textit (\itshape)
\emph # Emphasis (toggles between \textit and \textrm).
\textmd (\mdseries) # Medium weight (default). The opposite of boldface.
\textbf (\bfseries) # Boldface.
\textup (\upshape) # Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
\textsl (\slshape) # Slanted.
\textsf (\sffamily) # Sans serif.
\textsc (\scshape) # Small caps.
\texttt (\ttfamily) # Typewriter.
\textnormal (\normalfont) # Main document font.
\mathrm # Roman, for use in math mode.
\mathbf # Boldface, for use in math mode.
\mathsf # Sans serif, for use in math mode.
\mathtt # Typewriter, for use in math mode.
\mathit # Italics, for use in math mode, e.g.
variable names with several letters.
\mathnormal # For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
\mathcal # Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
\mathbb # blackboard
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
(default)
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
\fontencoding{enc} # Select font encoding. Valid encodings include OT1 and T1.
\fontfamily{family} # Select font family. Valid families include:
cmr for Computer Modern Roman
cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif
cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter
and numerous others.
\fontseries{series} # Select font series. Valid series include:
m Medium (normal)
b Bold
c Condensed
bc Bold condensed
bx Bold extended
and various other combinations.
\fontshape{shape} # Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
n Upright (normal)
it Italic
sl Slanted (oblique)
sc Small caps
ui Upright italics
ol Outline
The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
\fontsize{size}{skip} # Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to;
the second is the \baselineskip to use.
The unit of both parameters defaults to pt.
A rule of thumb is that the baselineskip should be 1.2 times the font size.
\selectfont # The changes made by calling the four font commands described above
do not come into effect until \selectfont is called.
\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} # Equivalent to calling \fontencoding, \fontfamily,
\fontseries and \fontshape with the given parameters,
followed by \selectfont.
The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted.
TeX uses ".tex" as a default file extension.
You can specify command options by supplying a string as parameters to the command
latex \scrollmode\input foo.tex # will process "foo.tex" without pausing after every error
Output file are always created in the current directory.