Overview

Please treat this content as a living document.

This is document explains who the maintainers are (see below), what they do in this repo, and how they should be doing it. If you're interested in contributing, see CONTRIBUTING.

Current Maintainers

Maintainer	GitHub ID	Affiliation
Heitor Lessa	heitorlessa	Amazon
Alexander Melnyk	am29d	Amazon
Michal Ploski	mploski	Amazon
Simon Thulbourn	sthulb	Amazon
Ruben Fonseca	rubenfonseca	Amazon
Leandro Damascena	leandrodamascena	Amazon

Emeritus

Previous active maintainers who contributed to this project.

Maintainer	GitHub ID	Affiliation
Tom McCarthy	cakepietoast	MongoDB
Nicolas Moutschen	nmoutschen	Apollo

Labels

These are the most common labels used by maintainers to triage issues, pull requests (PR), and for project management:

Label	Usage	Notes
triage	New issues that require maintainers review	Issue template
bug	Unexpected, reproducible and unintended software behavior	PR/Release automation; Doc snippets are excluded;
not-a-bug	New and existing bug reports incorrectly submitted as bug	Analytics
documentation	Documentation improvements	PR/Release automation; Doc additions, fixes, etc.;
feature-request	New or enhancements to existing features	Issue template
typing	New or enhancements to static typing	Issue template
RFC	Technical design documents related to a feature request	Issue template
bug-upstream	Bug caused by upstream dependency
help wanted	Tasks you want help from anyone to move forward	Bandwidth, complex topics, etc.
need-customer-feedback	Tasks that need more feedback before proceeding	80/20% rule, uncertain, etc.
need-more-information	Missing information before making any calls
need-documentation	PR is missing or has incomplete documentation
need-issue	PR is missing a related issue for tracking change	PR automation
need-rfc	Feature request requires a RFC to improve discussion
pending-release	Merged changes that will be available soon	Release automation auto-closes/notifies it
revisit-in-3-months	Blocked issues/PRs that need to be revisited	Often related to `need-customer-feedback`, prioritization, etc.
breaking-change	Changes that will cause customer impact and need careful triage
do-not-merge	PRs that are blocked for varying reasons	Timeline is uncertain
size/XS	PRs between 0-9 LOC	PR automation
size/S	PRs between 10-29 LOC	PR automation
size/M	PRs between 30-99 LOC	PR automation
size/L	PRs between 100-499 LOC	PR automation
size/XL	PRs between 500-999 LOC, often PRs that grown with feedback	PR automation
size/XXL	PRs with 1K+ LOC, largely documentation related	PR automation
tests	PRs that add or change tests	PR automation
`<utility>`	PRs related to a Powertools for AWS Lambda (Python) utility, e.g. `parameters`, `tracer`	PR automation
feature	New features or minor changes	PR/Release automation
dependencies	Changes that touch dependencies, e.g. Dependabot, etc.	PR/ automation
github-actions	Changes in GitHub workflows	PR automation
github-templates	Changes in GitHub issue/PR templates	PR automation
internal	Changes in governance and chores (linting setup, baseline, etc.)	PR automation
tech-debt	Changes in tech debt
customer-reference	Authorization to use company name in our documentation	Public Relations
community-content	Suggested content to feature in our documentation	Public Relations

Maintainer Responsibilities

Maintainers are active and visible members of the community, and have maintain-level permissions on a repository. Use those privileges to serve the community and evolve code as follows.

Be aware of recurring ambiguous situations and document them to help your fellow maintainers.

Uphold Code of Conduct

Model the behavior set forward by the Code of Conduct and raise any violations to other maintainers and admins. There could be unusual circumstances where inappropriate behavior does not immediately fall within the Code of Conduct.

These might be nuanced and should be handled with extra care - when in doubt, do not engage and reach out to other maintainers and admins.

Prioritize Security

Security is your number one priority. Maintainer's Github keys must be password protected securely and any reported security vulnerabilities are addressed before features or bugs.

Note that this repository is monitored and supported 24/7 by Amazon Security, see Reporting a Vulnerability for details.

Review Pull Requests

Review pull requests regularly, comment, suggest, reject, merge and close. Accept only high quality pull-requests. Provide code reviews and guidance on incoming pull requests.

PRs are labeled based on file changes and semantic title. Pay attention to whether labels reflect the current state of the PR and correct accordingly.

Use and enforce semantic versioning pull request titles, as these will be used for CHANGELOG and Release notes - make sure they communicate their intent at the human level.

TODO: This is an area we want to automate using the new GitHub GraphQL API.

For issues linked to a PR, make sure pending release label is applied to them when merging. Upon release, these issues will be notified which release version contains their change.

See Common scenarios section for additional guidance.

Triage New Issues

Manage labels, review issues regularly, and create new labels as needed by the project. Remove triage label when you're able to confirm the validity of a request, a bug can be reproduced, etc. Give priority to the original author for implementation, unless it is a sensitive task that is best handled by maintainers.

TODO: This is an area we want to automate using the new GitHub GraphQL API.

Make sure issues are assigned to our board of activities and have the right status.

Use our labels to signal good first issues to new community members, and to set expectation that this might need additional feedback from the author, other customers, experienced community members and/or maintainers.

Be aware of casual contributors and recurring contributors. Provide the experience and attention you wish you had if you were starting in open source.

See Common scenarios section for additional guidance.

Triage Bug Reports

Be familiar with our definition of bug. If it's not a bug, you can close it or adjust its title and labels - always communicate the reason accordingly.

For bugs caused by upstream dependencies, replace bug with bug-upstream label. Ask the author whether they'd like to raise the issue upstream or if they prefer us to do so.

Assess the impact and make the call on whether we need an emergency release. Contact other maintainers when in doubt.

See Common scenarios section for additional guidance.

Triage RFCs

RFC is a collaborative process to help us get to the most optimal solution given the context. Their purpose is to ensure everyone understands what this context is, their trade-offs, and alternative solutions that were part of the research before implementation begins.

Make sure you ask these questions in mind when reviewing:

Does it use our RFC template?
Does the match our Tenets?
Does the proposal address the use case? If so, is the recommended usage explicit?
Does it focus on the mechanics to solve the use case over fine-grained implementation details?
Can anyone familiar with the code base implement it?
If approved, are they interested in contributing? Do they need any guidance?
Does this significantly increase the overall project maintenance? Do we have the skills to maintain it?
If we can't take this use case, are there alternative projects we could recommend? Or does it call for a new project altogether?

When necessary, be upfront that the time to review, approve, and implement a RFC can vary - see Contribution is stuck. Some RFCs may be further updated after implementation, as certain areas become clearer.

Some examples using our initial and new RFC templates: #92, #94, #95, #991, #1226

Releasing a new version

Firstly, make sure the commit history in the develop branch (1) it's up to date, (2) commit messages are semantic, and (3) commit messages have their respective area, for example feat(logger): <change>, chore(ci): ...).

Looks good, what's next?

Kickoff the Release workflow with the intended version - this might take around 25m-30m to complete.

Once complete, you can start drafting the release notes to let customers know what changed and what's in it for them (a.k.a why they should care). We have guidelines in the release notes section so you know what good looks like.

NOTE: Documentation might take a few minutes to reflect the latest version due to caching and CDN invalidations.

Release process visualized

Every release makes hundreds of checks, security scans, canaries and deployments - all of these are automated.

This is a close visual representation of the main steps (GitHub Actions UI should be the source of truth).

gantt

title      Release process
dateFormat HH:mm
axisFormat %H:%M

Release commit   : milestone, m1, 10:00,2m

section Seal
    Bump release version        : active, 8s
    Prevent source tampering    : active, 43s
section QA
    Quality checks              : active, 2.2m
section Build
    Checksum                    : active, 8s
    Build release artifact      : active, 39s
    Seal                        : active, 8s
section Release
    Checksum                    : active, 8s
    PyPi temp credentials       : active, 8s
    Publish PyPi                : active, pypi, 10:06, 29s

PyPi release : milestone, m2, 10:06,1s

section Git release
    Checksum                    : active, after pypi, 8s
    Git Tag                     : active, 8s
    Bump package version        : active, 8s
    Create PR                   : active, 8s

section Layer release
    Build (x86+ARM)             : active, layer_build, 10:08, 6m
    Deploy Beta                 : active, layer_beta, after layer_build, 6.3m
    Deploy Prod                 : active, layer_prod, after layer_beta, 6.3m

Layer release : milestone, m3, 10:26,1s

section SAR release
    Deploy Beta                 : active, sar_beta, after layer_beta, 2.2m
    Deploy Prod                 : active, sar_prod, after sar_beta, 2.2m

SAR release : milestone, m4, 10:25,1s

section Docs
    Create PR (Layer ARN)       : active, after layer_prod, 8s
    Release versioned docs      : active, 2.2m

Documentation release : milestone, m4, 10:28,1m

section Post-release
    Close pending issues        : active, 8s

Release complete : milestone, m6, 10:31,2m

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Drafting release notes

Visit the Releases page and choose the edit pencil button.

Make sure the tag field reflects the new version you're releasing, the target branch field is set to develop, and release title matches your tag e.g., v1.26.0.

You'll notice we group all changes based on their labels like feature, bug, documentation, etc.

I spotted a typo or incorrect grouping - how do I fix it?

Edit the respective PR title and update their labels. Then run the Release Drafter workflow to update the Draft release.

NOTE: This won't change the CHANGELOG as the merge commit is immutable. Don't worry about it. We'd only rewrite git history only if this can lead to confusion and we'd pair with another maintainer.

All looking good, what's next?

The best part comes now. Replace the placeholder [Human readable summary of changes] with what you'd like to communicate to customers what this release is all about. Rule of thumb: always put yourself in the customers shoes.

These are some questions to keep in mind when drafting your first or future release notes:

Can customers understand at a high level what changed in this release?
Is there a link to the documentation where they can read more about each main change?
Are there any graphics or code snippets that can enhance readability?
Are we calling out any key contributor(s) to this release?
- All contributors are automatically credited, use this as an exceptional case to feature them

Once you're happy, hit Publish release 🎉🎉🎉.

This will kick off the Publishing workflow and within a few minutes you should see the latest version in PyPi, and all issues labeled as pending-release will be closed and notified.

Run end to end tests

E2E tests are run on every push to develop or manually via run-e2e-tests workflow.

To run locally, you need AWS CDK CLI and an account bootstrapped (cdk bootstrap). With a default AWS CLI profile configured, or AWS_PROFILE environment variable set, run make e2e tests.

Releasing a documentation hotfix

You can rebuild the latest documentation without a full release via this GitHub Actions Workflow. Choose Run workflow, keep develop as the branch, and input the latest Powertools for AWS Lambda (Python) version available.

This workflow will update both user guide and API documentation.

Maintain Overall Health of the Repo

TODO: Coordinate renaming develop to main

Keep the develop branch at production quality at all times. Backport features as needed. Cut release branches and tags to enable future patches.

Manage Roadmap

See Roadmap section

Ensure the repo highlights features that should be elevated to the project roadmap. Be clear about the feature’s status, priority, target version, and whether or not it should be elevated to the roadmap.

Add Continuous Integration Checks

Add integration checks that validate pull requests and pushes to ease the burden on Pull Request reviewers. Continuously revisit areas of improvement to reduce operational burden in all parties involved.

Negative Impact on the Project

Actions that negatively impact the project will be handled by the admins, in coordination with other maintainers, in balance with the urgency of the issue. Examples would be Code of Conduct violations, deliberate harmful or malicious actions, spam, monopolization, and security risks.

Becoming a maintainer

In 2023, we will revisit this. We need to improve our understanding of how other projects are doing, their mechanisms to promote key contributors, and how they interact daily.

We suspect this process might look similar to the OpenSearch project.

Common scenarios

These are recurring ambiguous situations that new and existing maintainers may encounter. They serve as guidance. It is up to each maintainer to follow, adjust, or handle in a different manner as long as our conduct is consistent

Contribution is stuck

A contribution can get stuck often due to lack of bandwidth and language barrier. For bandwidth issues, check whether the author needs help. Make sure you get their permission before pushing code into their existing PR - do not create a new PR unless strictly necessary.

For language barrier and others, offer a 1:1 chat to get them unblocked. Often times, English might not be their primary language, and writing in public might put them off, or come across not the way they intended to be.

In other cases, you may have constrained capacity. Use help wanted label when you want to signal other maintainers and external contributors that you could use a hand to move it forward.

Insufficient feedback or information

When in doubt, use need-more-information or need-customer-feedback labels to signal more context and feedback are necessary before proceeding. You can also use revisit-in-3-months label when you expect it might take a while to gather enough information before you can decide.

Crediting contributions

We credit all contributions as part of each release note as an automated process. If you find contributors are missing from the release note you're producing, please add them manually.

Is that a bug?

A bug produces incorrect or unexpected results at runtime that differ from its intended behavior. Bugs must be reproducible. They directly affect customers experience at runtime despite following its recommended usage.

Documentation snippets, use of internal components, or unadvertised functionalities are not considered bugs.

Mentoring contributions

Always favor mentoring issue authors to contribute, unless they're not interested or the implementation is sensitive (e.g., complexity, time to release, etc.).

Make use of help wanted and good first issue to signal additional contributions the community can help.

Long running issues or PRs

Try offering a 1:1 call in the attempt to get to a mutual understanding and clarify areas that maintainers could help.

In the rare cases where both parties don't have the bandwidth or expertise to continue, it's best to use the revisit-in-3-months label. By then, see if it's possible to break the PR or issue in smaller chunks, and eventually close if there is no progress.

E2E framework

Structure

Our E2E framework relies on Pytest fixtures to coordinate infrastructure and test parallelization - see Test Parallelization and CDK CLI Parallelization.

tests/e2e structure

.
├── __init__.py
├── conftest.py # builds Lambda Layer once
├── logger
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── conftest.py  # deploys LoggerStack
│   ├── handlers
│   │   └── basic_handler.py
│   ├── infrastructure.py # LoggerStack definition
│   └── test_logger.py
├── metrics
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── conftest.py  # deploys MetricsStack
│   ├── handlers
│   │   ├── basic_handler.py
│   │   └── cold_start.py
│   ├── infrastructure.py # MetricsStack definition
│   └── test_metrics.py
├── tracer
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── conftest.py  # deploys TracerStack
│   ├── handlers
│   │   ├── async_capture.py
│   │   └── basic_handler.py
│   ├── infrastructure.py  # TracerStack definition
│   └── test_tracer.py
└── utils
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── data_builder  # build_service_name(), build_add_dimensions_input, etc.
    ├── data_fetcher  # get_traces(), get_logs(), get_lambda_response(), etc.
    ├── infrastructure.py # base infrastructure like deploy logic, etc.

Where:

<feature>/infrastructure.py. Uses CDK to define the infrastructure a given feature needs.
<feature>/handlers/. Lambda function handlers to build, deploy, and exposed as stack output in PascalCase (e.g., BasicHandler).
utils/. Test utilities to build data and fetch AWS data to ease assertion
conftest.py. Deploys and deletes a given feature infrastructure. Hierarchy matters:
- Top-level (e2e/conftest). Builds Lambda Layer only once and blocks I/O across all CPU workers.
- Feature-level (e2e/<feature>/conftest). Deploys stacks in parallel and make them independent of each other.

Mechanics

Under BaseInfrastructure, we hide the complexity of deployment and delete coordination under deploy, delete, and create_lambda_functions methods.

This allows us to benefit from test and deployment parallelization, use IDE step-through debugging for a single test, run one, subset, or all tests and only deploy their related infrastructure, without any custom configuration.

Class diagram to understand abstraction built when defining a new stack (LoggerStack)

classDiagram
    class InfrastructureProvider {
        <<interface>>
        +deploy() Dict
        +delete()
        +create_resources()
        +create_lambda_functions() Dict~Functions~
    }

    class BaseInfrastructure {
        +deploy() Dict
        +delete()
        +create_lambda_functions() Dict~Functions~
        +add_cfn_output()
    }

    class TracerStack {
        +create_resources()
    }

    class LoggerStack {
        +create_resources()
    }

    class MetricsStack {
        +create_resources()
    }

    class EventHandlerStack {
        +create_resources()
    }

    InfrastructureProvider <|-- BaseInfrastructure : implement
    BaseInfrastructure <|-- TracerStack : inherit
    BaseInfrastructure <|-- LoggerStack : inherit
    BaseInfrastructure <|-- MetricsStack : inherit
    BaseInfrastructure <|-- EventHandlerStack : inherit

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Authoring a new feature E2E test

Imagine you're going to create E2E for Event Handler feature for the first time. Keep the following mental model when reading:

graph LR
    A["1. Define infrastructure"]-->B["2. Deploy/Delete infrastructure"]-->C["3.Access Stack outputs" ]

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1. Define infrastructure

We use CDK as our Infrastructure as Code tool of choice. Before you start using CDK, you'd take the following steps:

Create tests/e2e/event_handler/infrastructure.py file
Create a new class EventHandlerStack and inherit from BaseInfrastructure
Override create_resources method and define your infrastructure using CDK
(Optional) Create a Lambda function under handlers/alb_handler.py

Excerpt tests/e2e/event_handler/infrastructure.py

class EventHandlerStack(BaseInfrastructure):
    def create_resources(self):
        functions = self.create_lambda_functions()

        self._create_alb(function=functions["AlbHandler"])
        ...

    def _create_alb(self, function: Function):
        vpc = ec2.Vpc.from_lookup(
            self.stack,
            "VPC",
            is_default=True,
            region=self.region,
        )

        alb = elbv2.ApplicationLoadBalancer(self.stack, "ALB", vpc=vpc, internet_facing=True)
        CfnOutput(self.stack, "ALBDnsName", value=alb.load_balancer_dns_name)
        ...

Excerpt tests/e2e/event_handler/handlers/alb_handler.py

from aws_lambda_powertools.event_handler import ALBResolver, Response, content_types

app = ALBResolver()


@app.get("/todos")
def hello():
    return Response(
        status_code=200,
        content_type=content_types.TEXT_PLAIN,
        body="Hello world",
        cookies=["CookieMonster", "MonsterCookie"],
        headers={"Foo": ["bar", "zbr"]},
    )


def lambda_handler(event, context):
    return app.resolve(event, context)

2. Deploy/Delete infrastructure when tests run

We need to create a Pytest fixture for our new feature under tests/e2e/event_handler/conftest.py.

This will instruct Pytest to deploy our infrastructure when our tests start, and delete it when they complete whether tests are successful or not. Note that this file will not need any modification in the future.

Excerpt conftest.py for Event Handler

import pytest

from tests.e2e.event_handler.infrastructure import EventHandlerStack


@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="module")
def infrastructure():
    """Setup and teardown logic for E2E test infrastructure

    Yields
    ------
    Dict[str, str]
        CloudFormation Outputs from deployed infrastructure
    """
    stack = EventHandlerStack()
    try:
        yield stack.deploy()
    finally:
        stack.delete()

3. Access stack outputs for E2E tests

Within our tests, we should now have access to the infrastructure fixture we defined earlier in tests/e2e/event_handler/conftest.py.

We can access any Stack Output using pytest dependency injection.

Excerpt tests/e2e/event_handler/test_header_serializer.py

@pytest.fixture
def alb_basic_listener_endpoint(infrastructure: dict) -> str:
    dns_name = infrastructure.get("ALBDnsName")
    port = infrastructure.get("ALBBasicListenerPort", "")
    return f"http://{dns_name}:{port}"


def test_alb_headers_serializer(alb_basic_listener_endpoint):
    # GIVEN
    url = f"{alb_basic_listener_endpoint}/todos"
    ...

Internals

Test runner parallelization

Besides speed, we parallelize our end-to-end tests to ease asserting async side-effects may take a while per test too, e.g., traces to become available.

The following diagram demonstrates the process we take every time you use make e2e locally or at CI:

graph TD
    A[make e2e test] -->Spawn{"Split and group tests <br>by feature and CPU"}

    Spawn -->|Worker0| Worker0_Start["Load tests"]
    Spawn -->|Worker1| Worker1_Start["Load tests"]
    Spawn -->|WorkerN| WorkerN_Start["Load tests"]

    Worker0_Start -->|Wait| LambdaLayer["Lambda Layer build"]
    Worker1_Start -->|Wait| LambdaLayer["Lambda Layer build"]
    WorkerN_Start -->|Wait| LambdaLayer["Lambda Layer build"]

    LambdaLayer -->|Worker0| Worker0_Deploy["Launch feature stack"]
    LambdaLayer -->|Worker1| Worker1_Deploy["Launch feature stack"]
    LambdaLayer -->|WorkerN| WorkerN_Deploy["Launch feature stack"]

    Worker0_Deploy -->|Worker0| Worker0_Tests["Run tests"]
    Worker1_Deploy -->|Worker1| Worker1_Tests["Run tests"]
    WorkerN_Deploy -->|WorkerN| WorkerN_Tests["Run tests"]

    Worker0_Tests --> ResultCollection
    Worker1_Tests --> ResultCollection
    WorkerN_Tests --> ResultCollection

    ResultCollection{"Wait for workers<br/>Collect test results"}
    ResultCollection --> TestEnd["Report results"]
    ResultCollection --> DeployEnd["Delete Stacks"]

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CDK CLI parallelization

For CDK CLI to work with independent CDK Apps, we specify an output directory when synthesizing our stack and deploy from said output directory.

flowchart TD
    subgraph "Deploying distinct CDK Apps"
        EventHandlerInfra["Event Handler CDK App"] --> EventHandlerSynth
        TracerInfra["Tracer CDK App"] --> TracerSynth
       EventHandlerSynth["cdk synth --out cdk.out/event_handler"] --> EventHandlerDeploy["cdk deploy --app cdk.out/event_handler"]

       TracerSynth["cdk synth --out cdk.out/tracer"] --> TracerDeploy["cdk deploy --app cdk.out/tracer"]
    end

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We create the typical CDK app.py at runtime when tests run, since we know which feature and Python version we're dealing with (locally or at CI).

Excerpt cdk_app_V39.py for Event Handler created at deploy phase

from tests.e2e.event_handler.infrastructure import EventHandlerStack
stack = EventHandlerStack()
stack.create_resources()
stack.app.synth()

When we run E2E tests for a single feature or all of them, our cdk.out looks like this:

total 8
drwxr-xr-x  18 lessa  staff   576B Sep  6 15:38 event-handler
drwxr-xr-x   3 lessa  staff    96B Sep  6 15:08 layer_build
-rw-r--r--   1 lessa  staff    32B Sep  6 15:08 layer_build.diff
drwxr-xr-x  18 lessa  staff   576B Sep  6 15:38 logger
drwxr-xr-x  18 lessa  staff   576B Sep  6 15:38 metrics
drwxr-xr-x  22 lessa  staff   704B Sep  9 10:52 tracer

classDiagram
    class CdkOutDirectory {
        feature_name/
        layer_build/
        layer_build.diff
    }

    class EventHandler {
        manifest.json
        stack_outputs.json
        cdk_app_V39.py
        asset.uuid/
        ...
    }

    class StackOutputsJson {
        BasicHandlerArn: str
        ALBDnsName: str
        ...
    }

    CdkOutDirectory <|-- EventHandler : feature_name/
    StackOutputsJson <|-- EventHandler

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Where:

<feature>. Contains CDK Assets, CDK manifest.json, our cdk_app_<PyVersion>.py and stack_outputs.json
layer_build. Contains our Lambda Layer source code built once, used by all stacks independently
layer_build.diff. Contains a hash on whether our source code has changed to speed up further deployments and E2E tests

Together, all of this allows us to use Pytest like we would for any project, use CDK CLI and its context methods (from_lookup), and use step-through debugging for a single E2E test without any extra configuration.

NOTE: VSCode doesn't support debugging processes spawning sub-processes (like CDK CLI does w/ shell and CDK App). Maybe this works. PyCharm works just fine.

Files

MAINTAINERS.md

Latest commit

History

MAINTAINERS.md

File metadata and controls

Table of contents

Overview

Current Maintainers

Emeritus

Labels

Maintainer Responsibilities

Uphold Code of Conduct

Prioritize Security

Review Pull Requests

Triage New Issues

Triage Bug Reports

Triage RFCs

Releasing a new version

Release process visualized

Drafting release notes

Run end to end tests

Releasing a documentation hotfix

Maintain Overall Health of the Repo

Manage Roadmap

Add Continuous Integration Checks

Negative Impact on the Project

Becoming a maintainer

Common scenarios

Contribution is stuck

Insufficient feedback or information

Crediting contributions

Is that a bug?

Mentoring contributions

Long running issues or PRs

E2E framework

Structure

Mechanics

Authoring a new feature E2E test

1. Define infrastructure

2. Deploy/Delete infrastructure when tests run

3. Access stack outputs for E2E tests

Internals

Test runner parallelization

CDK CLI parallelization